Gender Discrimination in the workplaceDifferences in earnings Research Proposal

Gender Discrimination in the workplaceDifferences in earnings - Research Proposal Example In earlier times, the gap between the pay of men and women was large. In recent times, this gap has narrowed to a great extent. What is this gap This is when men and women earnings are measured, a woman's earnings is always less than that of a man. Men earnings are used as a standard to measure female pays (Facts on Working Women, 2004). In 1992, women's median hourly earning was 79.4 percent of men's. While the female median wage or salary rate was 75.4 percent of their male equivalents. Annual women earnings in 1992 were 70.6 percent of men earnings (Facts on Working Women, 2004). These figures (adapted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) prove that women are paid less. They were paid even less 40 years earlier than 1992. In these years, from early 1950s, women earnings have grown by 1.3 percent each year while men earnings have only grown by a 1.1 percent annually. This shows that the earnings gap narrowed in these 40 so years and continues to do so. The widest gap in earnings was found in sales job in the late 1990s. Only one out of every ten women was employed in such an occupation (BLS, 2008). The following graph is adapted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It shows women's earnings as a percentage of men earnings over the last 28 years, by age. The graph shows that women's earnings as a percentage of men's has generally increased over the last thirty years. The earnings gap has narrowed for all age groups. However, we must remember that employment patters consistently illustrate that women largely occupy lower-paid jobs than men, even after providing for changes in tastes and productivity. This paper will revolve around the question of discrimination in the workplace. Are women paid less than men The paper will discuss which gender is paid less in the workplace and is discriminated against. First, this will be illustrated by giving statistical information about differences in earnings. After this, reasons for such differences will be discussed and it will be evaluated why there is discrimination in the workplace. Discussion According to an economist's definition, discrimination in the workplace is when two people have equal productivity but different outcomes. These people are most likely to be a part of different groups. Like I mentioned earlier, it is a well known fact that women have been a target of discrimination in the workplace. Evidence of discrimination in the workplace is subtle. They can be analyzed by either direct testimonies or by studying statistical employment patterns (Jacobsen, 2007). Some people say that because of this discrimination they are also paid less in earnings than the men in same or similar organizations. But we must understand that men, obviously, are stronger; physically and sometimes, even mentally. Men are good in crisis. Most men have the attributes of natural leaders, for example, strong mindedness etcetera. Besides that, many women wish to spend more time with family and less time at work. They may not be as willing as their male counterparts to travel around the world to get promoted to higher positions. They might not be so comfortable with the idea of having to shift their homes in search of better job opportunities. Women might be more willing to take more time off from work and longer breaks to deliver and/or look after their babies. These are also some of the reasons

The importance of international law to international traders Coursework

The importance of international law to international traders - Coursework Example However, recently the line existing between private and public international law has been very unpredictable. Even though both these laws are connected, many times in certain areas of activities conflicts and contradictions can normally arise. 1 International Law includes the basic, classic concepts of law in national legal systems - status, property, obligation, and tort (or delict). It also includes substantive law, procedure, process and remedies. International Law is rooted in acceptance by the nation states which constitute the system. International law is a crucial aspect in international trading and it is mainly concerned with cross border transactions. Since international traders are highly subjected to international trade laws and policies, they work in good collaboration with legal professionals and international trade consultants. 1 Cornell University of Law School. 2010. International Law. [ONLINE] Available at: http://topics. law.cornell .edu/wex/ International _ law. [A ccessed 18 February 11]. Legal theories and jurisprudential concepts in respect of international law The basic International legal system is the process of analyzing the practical workability of the international trade functions related to international policy, and the way in which the international law standards can increase the trade efficiencies .It primarily concentrates more on the usability of laws by the foreign policy makers rather than the exquisite content and exposure of it. International law, distinctively explains the way in which the international legal transactions work and the way in which the foreign organizations incorporate these law in their working system. International law policies and strategies controls trade dealings and avoids manipulation and exploitation in the international commercial activities. 2 For some thirty years international law has been isolated from the rest of the intellectual life by the necessities and distractions of the two world wars. As these early modernists told the history of their discipline , their predecessors, the classic scholars who were ideologically split in to two armies , had turned international law in to a battlefield. The real value of the international law policies is that it gives many areas for the traders and people to work on trade relations and transactions. It is a known fact that United Nations, being the promoter of peace, aim for the peace and tranquility in all the dealings occurring on global level. 3The main aim of the United Nations is the preservation of world peace. It is strongly believed that increased international trade, 2 .Pervis, N, 1991. Critical Legal Studies in Public International Law. Law Journal , 32/1, 81-89 3.J.W.T.Chan. 2007. Modern Law for Global Commerce. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.uncitral.org/ pdf/english/congress/Chan.pdf. [Accessed 19 February 11]. Which carries with it the increasing interdependency of nations as well as greater and better interactions b etween the people of the world is a strong contributing factor to world peace. Thus the strong support by the United Nations to all initiatives that would remove obstacles to world trade, such as initiatives to harmonize or unify the rules of international tra

Social Phobia And Fear Of Public Speaking Psychology Essay

Social Phobia And Fear Of Public Speaking Psychology Essay A phobia is an  intense  fear of something that poses little or no actual danger. Common phobias and fears include closed-in places, heights, driving, flying insects, snakes, and needles. However, people can develop phobias of virtually anything. Most phobias develop in childhood, but they can also develop during adulthood. If you have a phobia, you probably realize that your fear is unreasonable, yet you still cant control your feelings. Just thinking about the feared object or situation may make you anxious and when youre actually exposed to the thing you fear, the terror is automatic and overwhelming. The experience is so nerve-wracking that you may go to great lengths to avoid it; inconveniencing yourself or even changing your lifestyle. If you have claustrophobia, for example, you might turn down a lucrative job offer if you have to use a lift to get to the office. If you have a fear of heights, you might drive an extra 20 miles in order to avoid a tall bridge. Understanding your phobia is the first step to overcoming it. Its important to know that phobias are common. Having a phobia doesnt mean youre crazy! It also helps to know that phobias are highly treatable. You can overcome your anxiety and fear, no matter how out of control it feels. It is normal and even helpful to experience fear in dangerous situations. Fear is an adaptive human response. It serves a protective purpose, activating the automatic fight-or-flight response. With our bodies and minds alert and ready for action, we are able to respond quickly and protect ourselves. But with phobias the threat is greatly exaggerated or nonexistent. For example, it is only natural to be afraid of a snarling Doberman, but it may be irrational to be terrified of a friendly poodle on a lead, as you might be if you have a dog phobia. The difference between normal fear and a phobia Normal fear Phobia Feeling anxious when flying through turbulence or taking off during a storm Not going to your best friends island wedding because youd have to fly there Experiencing butterflies when peering down from the top of a skyscraper or climbing a tall ladder Turning down a great job because its on the 10th floor of the office building Getting nervous when you see a pit bull or a Rottweiler Steering clear of the park because you might see a dog Feeling a little queasy when getting an injection or when your blood is being drawn Avoiding necessary medical treatments or doctors checkups because youre terrified of needles Rottweiler dog Feeling a little queasy when getting an injection or when your blood is being drawn Avoiding necessary medical treatments or doctors checkups because youre terrified of needles Normal fears in children Many childhood fears are natural and tend to develop at specific ages. For example, many young children are afraid of the dark and may need a nightlight to sleep; that doesnt mean they have a phobia. In most cases, they will grow out of this fear as they get older. If your childs fear is not interfering with his or her daily life or causing him or her a great deal of distress, then theres little cause for undue concern. However, if the fear is interfering with your childs social activities, school performance, or sleep, you may want to see a qualified child therapist. Which of my childs fears are normal? According to the Child Anxiety Network, the following fears are extremely common and considered normal: 0-2 years   Loud noises, strangers, separation from parents, large objects. 3-6 years   Imagination (i.e. ghosts/monsters), sleeping alone, darkness, strange noises. 7-16 years   Fears such as injury, illness, school performance, death, natural disasters. Common types of phobias and fears There are 4 general types of phobias and fears: Animal phobias.  Examples: fears of snakes, spiders, rodents, and dogs. Natural environment phobias.  Examples: fears of heights, storms, open water, and darkness. Situational phobias (fears triggered by a specific situation).  Examples: fears of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), flying, driving, tunnels, and bridges. Blood-Injection-Injury phobia.  The fear of blood, injury, needles or other medical procedures. Some phobias dont fall into one of the four common categories. Such phobias include fears of choking, getting a disease such as cancer, germs, illness, death and fear of clowns (yes, really!) Social phobia and fear of public speaking Image-social phobia fear of speaking Social Phobia, also called social anxiety disorder, is fear of social situations where you may be embarrassed or judged. If you have social phobia you may be excessively self-conscious and afraid of humiliating yourself in front of others. Your anxiety about how you will look and what others will think may lead you to avoid certain social situations youd otherwise enjoy. Fear of public speaking, an extremely common phobia, is a type of social phobia. Other fears associated with social phobia include fear of eating or drinking in public, talking to strangers, taking exams, mingling at a party, and being asked to speak in class. Agoraphobia (fear of open spaces) image of angrophobia(fear of open spaces) Agoraphobia is another phobia that doesnt fit neatly into any of the 4 categories. Traditionally thought to involve a fear of public places and open spaces, it is now believed that agoraphobia develops as a complication of  panic attacks. Afraid of having another panic attack, you become anxious about being in situations where escape would be difficult or embarrassing, or where help wouldnt be available immediately. For example, you are likely to avoid crowded places such as shopping centres and cinemas. You may also avoid cars, planes, and other forms of travel. In more severe cases, you might only feel safe at home. Signs and symptoms of phobias The symptoms of a phobia can range from mild feelings of apprehension and anxiety to a full-blown panic attack. Typically, the closer you are to the thing youre afraid of, the greater your fear will be. Your fear will also be higher if getting away is difficult. Physical signs and symptoms of a phobia Difficulty breathing Racing or pounding heart Chest pain or tightness Trembling or shaking Feeling dizzy or lightheaded A churning stomach Hot or cold flashes; tingling sensations Sweating Emotional signs and symptoms of a phobia Feeling of overwhelming anxiety or panic Feeling an intense need to escape Feeling unreal or detached from yourself Fear of losing control or going crazy Feeling like youre going to die or pass out Knowing that youre overreacting, but feeling powerless to control your fear Symptoms of Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia The symptoms of blood-injection-injury phobia are slightly different from other phobias. When confronted with the sight of blood or a needle, you experience not only fear but disgust. Like other phobias, you initially feel anxious as your heart speeds up. However, unlike other phobias, this acceleration is followed by a quick drop in blood pressure, which leads to nausea, dizziness, and fainting. Although a  fear  of fainting is common in all specific phobias, blood-injection-injury phobia is the only phobia where fainting can actually occur. When to seek help for phobias and fears Although phobias are common, they dont always cause considerable distress or significantly disrupt your life. For example, if you have a snake phobia, it may cause no problems in your everyday activities if you live in a city where you are not likely to run into one. On the other hand, if you have a severe phobia of crowded spaces, living in a big city would pose a problem. If your phobia doesnt really impact your life that much, its probably nothing to be concerned about. But if avoidance of the object, activity, or situation that triggers your phobia interferes with your normal functioning or keeps you from doing things you would otherwise enjoy, its time to seek help. Consider treatment for your phobia if: It causes intense and disabling fear, anxiety, and panic. You recognize that your fear is excessive and unreasonable. You avoid certain situations and places because of your phobia. Your avoidance interferes with your normal routine or causes significant distress. Youve had the phobia for over 6 months. Self-help or therapy for phobias: which treatment is best? When it comes to treating phobias, self-help strategies and therapy can both be effective. Whats best for you depends on a number of factors, including the severity of your phobia, and the amount of support you need. Self-help is always worth a try. The more you can do for yourself, the more in control youll feel-which goes a long way when it comes to phobias and fears. However, if your phobia is so severe that it triggers panic attacks or uncontrollable anxiety, you may want to get additional support. The good news is that  phobia treatment has a great track record. Not only does it work extremely well, but you tend to see results very quickly-sometimes in as a little as 1 or 2 sessions.  ©Fearless Putting Ltd. All rights reserved. This site is for information only and NOT a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment.

Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney :: Taste Honey Shelagh Delaney

"Taste of Honey" by Shelagh Delaney I am going to explain how Shelagh Delaney presents the changing facets of Jo’s character. The play was written in the 1950s and was first performed in 1958. The play is about a girl and her mother move to a grubby flat and area with no men in their life, but all changes when Helen meets Peter and Jo meet Boy. Then Jo gets pregnant with the black boy, and then meets and shares a flat with Geof, a young homosexual. He takes and the role as caring and protecting Jo and they get on well. Geof brings Helen back to visit Jo, and Helen kicks Geof out. Jo’s is the main character in the play; she is the daughter of Helen. She falls for a man called Jimmie who is in the navy, and then he makes her pregnant and goes way leaving her with this black baby. Then she meets Geof who takes on the role of caring for Jo, and then brings back her mother and he leaves. At the beginning of the play Jo is organized, capable and critical of her mother, we know because she says ‘ You’re knocking it worst than ever’. This makes us think that Helen has a drinking problem in the past. Also in Act one scene one Jo shows she is organized by saying ‘ I’m going to unpack my bulbs. I wonder where I can out them’. Then she changes when she meets Peter and becomes more jealous, quarrelsome and annoying. When Helen leaves Jo becomes more resentful and feels hurt and unloved. When she meets Jimmie she becomes much more flirtatious we know this because she says to him in the play ‘glad you like it. It’s my schoolgirl complexion’. She also becomes coy and likes the attention when she meets Jimmie. The play writer use dramatic devices to show the changes in Jo well, as in when she has quarrels and fights between the other characters. In the 1980s it was not common to be a single parent family, and Britain was not a multicultural society. Jo changes though the play one example of this is her opinion on poor housing. At the start of the play she say ‘And I don’t like it’ expressing her self about the

Interpersonal Communication Distinguish Between 2 Different Type of Communication Essay

This paper was a little difficult for me to write at first because I have never had to analyze my own communication styles and apply concepts to the type of communication styles I have encountered. Here is to learning how to understand communication and the different styles we encounter every day. I spent a lot of this past week encountering a lot of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communications is communicating through wordless messages. I have been sick and this has been the most sufficient and effective form of communication for me. While I was in the hospital, to effectively communicate to the nurse my needs sometimes I had to use gestures or facial expressions to let her know I was hungry or letting her know the room temperature was hot. Facial expressions are one of our primary means of conveying emotions. Deaf people rely on facial expressions and gestures to communicate. The machine I was hooked up to, to let the nurse know my stats, I believe is also form of communication. I believe it communicated to the nurse that I was not getting proper oxygen saturation so she was able to increase my oxygen intake base on what was communicated to her. I had a hard time speaking, so I did sometimes have to make some noises to let the nurse know I was in pain and needed assistance. She was able to understand my request and assist me accordingly. I also did a lot of online communication. I sent a lot of emails and messages to communicate with friends and family. I also have spent a lot of time listening. Listening is making an effort to hear something and to pay attention to either what is being said or the non-verbal communication gestures or messages given to you. Hearing what someone is saying to you is completely different then actually listening. Effective listening is to understand what is being said to you. I had to understand what the Dr. was explaining to me to be able to recover in a timely manner. I also had to remember to put into practice what the Dr. telling me in regards to my care. Remembering is an important stage of listening. Remembering is important because it can help me from getting into a sticky situation such as the Doctor asking me any questions regarding my treatment. If I was just hearing him and not listening and remembering what he said I would not be able to answer his questions accurately. I had to interpret what he was saying. I had to understand what was critical to my care as of right now and what I need to implement once I recover. I did this by listening to his words as well as watching his gestures and facial expressions. At some point I had to respond to the Doctor. I had to make him aware I was listening and remembering what he said I needed to do. I usually nodded my head and made direct eye contact given it was hard for me to communicate verbally until the last day. On the day of my discharge I was able to paraphrase to him what he needed me to do in order to recover and to maintain my health. When looking at this experience of listening, I would say it would be considered informational listening. I was engage to learn, taking information in so I was able to properly care for myself outside of the hospital and what I needed to do to keep from returning back.

Importance of Technology in Classroom Essay

Technology is either a boon or bane, depends how and for what purpose it’s being used. If technology is used to cure diseases in people, to help people communicate with each other across geographical boundaries, to reduce human effort by making things simple, easy and accessible, it indeed is a boon. However, if science and technology is used to prepare nuclear bombs or other weapons of war, it is harmful. As pros and cons of technology have always been debated, with some people arguing that its the best thing to have happened to human race and some totally against it, it is often wondered should the children, the future of mankind, be introduced to technology at a young age in schools? What is the importance of technology in classrooms? Let’s find out the answers†¦ Importance of Technology in the Classroom Active Participation When students are learning through technology, they are themselves looking for information on the Internet. They make their own decisions regarding the information i.e. whether it is relevant or irrelevant. They have control over how to use or present this information. Thus, one of the main benefits of using technology for classrooms is that unlike a teacher-led classroom, where students passively receive whatever information the teacher is providing, in tech savvy classrooms, students are active participants. In-depth Knowledge Jon Stewart once commented, â€Å"The Internet is just a world passing around notes in a classroom.† By using the Internet technology, obtaining information on all kinds of subjects has become very easy. A student sitting in his classroom can learn how people in a small village in Africa live life. Thus, Internet is a kind of library which is at the disposal of a student with just a click. A student can acquire in-depth knowledge on any subject using this vast resource. Real-life Work Experience The importance of technology in the classroom can be gauged from the fact that it offers an experience to students similar to the working environment that one sees in offices. In technology savvy classrooms, a teacher acts as a facilitator who sets project goals for the students and provides them with the necessary resources and guidelines to reach those goals. The student himself makes decisions with regards to the design choices, the information he wants to use and display, the resources that he will use. You may read more on the importance of science and technology. Moreover, these days, students themselves are very tech savvy and may sometimes even know more than the teacher himself. So, there is a constant exchange of information between the students and the teachers. Such an environment prepares a student to work in business organizations in the future. Increased Motivation Researches have shown that there is great importance of integrating technology in the classroom. When students are taught through slide shows or by showing films, it makes the lessons very easy and interesting for them. It helps in their learning, at the same time motivates them to attend school everyday. Thus, another importance of technology in schools is that it brings down the drop-out rates. Technical Skills Using computers on a daily basis, helps the students in developing an understanding of the various computer tools and softwares. This kind of education prepares the students and makes it easier for them to learn about the various software applications in future. You may read more on why is technology so important today. This very well defines the importance of computers in the classroom.

African-American History from 1950 to 1959

African-American History from 1950 to 1959 From the Brown vs. Board of Education decision to the murder of Emmitt Till and the dawn of the Civil Rights movement, these are the pivotal historical events in African-American history that occurred in the decade spanning 1950 through 1959. 1950 Ralph Bunche wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his ability to mediate the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East.Gwendolyn Brooks receives the Pulitzer Prize in poetry. She is the first African-American to receive such a distinction.Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel Clifton, and Earl Lloyd become the first African-Americans to play for the National Basketball Association.Juanita Hall becomes the first African-American to win a Tony Award for her portrayal of Bloody Mary in South Pacific. 1951 Racial segregation in Washington D.C. restaurants is declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.An estimated 3500 whites try to keep an African-American family from moving into an apartment building in Cicero. As a result, Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson calls the state’s national guard to protect the family.Florida NAACP official Harry T. Moore is killed by a bomb.Johnson Publishing Company prints its first issue of Jet. 1952 For the first time in more than 70 years, the Tuskegee Institute finds that there are no lynchings reported in the United States.Writer Ralph Ellison publishes Invisible Man. 1953 In June, African-American residents of Baton Rouge establish a boycott of the city’s segregated transportation system.James Baldwin publishes his first novel, Go Tell It On The Mountain. Willie Thrower joins the Chicago Bears and becomes the first African-American quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). 1954 The U.S. Supreme Court declares segregation in public schools unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education case.Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. is the first African-American to be appointed as an Air Force general after serving in the Korean War.Malcolm X becomes Minister of the Nation of Islam’s Temple No. 7 in New York City.  Frankie Muse Freeman becomes the first African-American woman to win a major civil rights case after serving as the lead attorney for the NAACP in the Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority case. The ruling ended racial discrimination in public housing in St. Louis. 1955 While visiting family in Money, Miss., 14-year-old Chicagoan Emmett Till  is killed by white men.Rock n roll artist Chuck Berry records the hit song Maybellene with Chess Records.Rosa Parks is arrested after refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery Bus to a white patron.Marian Anderson is the first African-American to perform with the Metropolitan Opera.Martin Luther King Jr. is elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. The organization leads a year-long boycott against Montgomery’s segregated transportation system. 1956 Nat King Cole becomes the first African-American to host a primetime show on national television.Harry Belafonte’s album Calypso is the first record to sell more than one million copies.The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Gayle v. Browder case declares it is unconstitutional to segregate transportation on intrastate travel. This ruling supports those participating in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1957 Congress establishes the Civil Rights Act of 1957. This is the first legislative act protecting the rights of African-Americans since the Reconstruction period by establishing the Civil Rights section of the Justice Department. Federal prosecutors are now able to get court injunctions against those who interfere with the right to vote. Under this act, the Federal Civil Rights Commission is also established.Dorothy Irene Height is elected president of the National Council of Negro Women. Height holds this position for 41 years.Federal troops are sent to Little Rock, Ark by Dwight Eisenhower to enforce the desegregation of Central High School. The troops are also instructed to protect nine African-American students who are enrolled in the school and remain for the entire academic year.The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) was established in Birmingham.Perry H. Young becomes the first African-American pilot of a commercial passenger airline. 1958 The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is established in Atlanta. King is appointed as the organization’s first president.The Alvin Ailey Dance Theater is founded in New York City.Louis E. Lomax is hired by WNTA-TV in New York City. Lomax is the first African-American newscaster for a major network station.Althea Gibson is the first African-American woman to win the U.S. Open Championship. 1959 Motown Records is formed by Berry Gordy Jr. in Detroit.Jazz trumpeter Miles Davis records  Kind of Blue.  The work is considered Davis masterpiece.  A Raisin in the Sun, a play written by Lorraine Hansberry opens on Broadway. The play is the first to be produced by an African-American woman on Broadway.Three days before he is scheduled to stand trial for raping a pregnant white woman, Mack Charles Parker is beaten by a mob in his jail cell. Parker is lynched near Poplarville, Miss.

Discuss the role and importance of magic in the first 3 acts of The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essays

Discuss the role and importance of magic in the first 3 acts of The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essays Discuss the role and importance of magic in the first 3 acts of The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essay Discuss the role and importance of magic in the first 3 acts of The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essay Essay Topic: The Tempest The Tempest was the last play that Shakespeare wrote, and many people believe that the ideas for this production were taken from all his previous works. One of the main themes in the play is that of magic, its use for good and evil and how this affects the society around it. At the time that the play was being written, the people of Europe took magic very seriously, for example witches were still being burnt at the stake. Magic plays a vital role in the play, determining the end of every scene, and indeed the fate of every character. The first 3 acts reveal the usage of this magic, on both ends of the spectrum Act One Scene One sees the event that gives the play its name the tempest itself. In hindsight we are aware of the magic that was used to create the storm, but at the time of its happening we are led to believe that this is merely a natural occurrence. Admittedly nobody is killed, and we later find out that even the rest of fleet have been safely sent back to Naples with the illusion that the Kings ship perished in the storm. However despite this, it is questionable whether this magic was benign, as everyone suffered during its implementation. This recurs throughout the whole of the play; as to whether it is necessary to mess with peoples emotions, sleep patterns and the natural elements, and indeed whether any good does come of this all in the end. Prospero seems to have no hesitation in performing his magic, mainly for the good of himself, as we see in Act One Scene Two. In the following the audience learn of the magic that has been carried out, in the very first two lines spoken by Miranda. If by your art, my dearest father, you have Put the will waters in this roar, allay them. She describes the magic as an art although the word has several darker connotations. Miranda seems reluctant to understand her fathers need to practise magic, as she has seen the ship itself Dashed all to pieces. It is with her worrying that Prospero reveals the story that has happened before the storm. He mentions several characters that we have seen in Scene One of this Act. I thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated To closeness and the bettering of my mind With that which, but by being so retired, Oer-prized all popular rate Prospero explains to Miranda that he was once Duke of Milan, but he left control of the city to his brother Antonio, whilst he concentrated on the bettering on my mind the study of magic. He claims that people believed magic-was over-rated, because the supernatural powers were much more valuable than people first thought. The tale that is told makes the audience feel sorry for Prospero, and maybe even forgive him for creating the storm, but this impression is immediately changed when he sends his own daughter to sleep. Again this use of magic is questionable, as he discusses with the spirit Ariel the plan that will unfold very soon. It becomes apparent that he did not want Miranda to hear this plan as it would involve her, and her knowledge of it would ruin it completely. We begin to have reservations about Prospero as a man, whether magic has corrupted him so much that he has no qualms about toying with his daughters emotion. However it is this possible corruption that will stem th e entire play, and thus magic becomes a necessary tool. Many could find it hard to believe that Prospero would want to give up his Dukedom for the practise of magic, and it is this strand of Prosperos character that leads the story on. Later on in the scene, a spirit called Ariel appears and it is revealed that Prospero had sent her to make the tempest occur. Prospero cannot even carry out his own magic, but must send creatures to do it for him possibly another result of the corruption magic has had upon him. Ariel complains bitterly about having to do Prosperos dirty work and asks to be set free. Let me remember thee what thou hast promised, Which is not yet performed me. My liberty Prospero reminds Ariel of the magic that he freed her from. Sycorax, an evil witch, had been banished to the island from Algeria, and had attempted to make Ariel a slave. But Ariel had refused and as a result had been entrapped in a pine tree for 12 long years. When Prospero had been left on the island, he had released Ariel in a gesture of goodwill, but the roles had reversed and now Prospero is Ariels master. Again the use of magic is for domination or good for oneself. We see this again with Caliban, Sycoraxs son. Prospero has made Caliban his slave to carry wood and other items around the island, as he is too old to do it himself. Prospero promises terrible things to Caliban if he does not complete his tasks, and so magic is again being used for threats and unnecessary suffering. Music and magic have always been very closely linked, and it is this that lures Ferdinand in the latter part of the scene. Let us not forget that Ariel had especially placed Ferdinand on this part of the island after the storm. Ariel is invisible as a product of her magic, playing a lute and sings to draw Ferdinand closer to Miranda. There is much debate about whether the following passage has been set up by Prospero and indeed manufactured it entirely to fit with his plan, or whether Shakespeare meant a romance to occur to lighten the mood of the play. Either way, it seems a little far-fetched that Ferdinand and Miranda appear to fall in love instantly, love at first sight, which would indicate that Prospero has had some intervention. The romance is also a key part of Prosperos plan, and we would assume that he would have had some involvement to make sure this all went smoothly. If this is the case, Prospero is again using his magic for his own personal gain seeking revenge upon th ose who deposed him. Ferdinand starts to put up a fight with Prospero and He draws and is charmed from moving. The stage directions indicate that Ferdinand is frozen to the spot to stop any harm from happening, but this is debatable as to whether it was actually necessary. Prospero instructs Ferdinand that he will have to work for his love of Miranda, and leads him to a place where he will chop wood until Prospero deems him fit. He thanks Ariel for her work and again promises her freedom, but we later see this has not been fulfilled. Magic has been the theme of the entire scene and without it; many of the things would not have been possible. Act Two takes the audience back to the stranded party of royals. Gonzalo is the only one to notice that his clothes are looking as good as new bring rather new-dyed than stained with salt water. In Shakespearean times, the clothes would have been dyed and after the tempest all the dye would have run, leaving their clothes looking tatty and ragged. This of course, is Ariels doing, though it is not entirely apparent as to why? Perhaps it was because Prospero instructed that none of the party should be harmed, and so Ariel took this to mean that they should be exactly as they were before the storm. Or perhaps this was Ariel wanting to cause some confusion and suspicion between the party. It also causes a small rift between Gonzalo and the others. Later on, the royals feel sleepy, again as a result of Ariels magic, upon instruction of Prospero. The reason for this isnt clear either. It results in Antonio and Sebastian, the only 2 that stay awake, planning to kill Alonso to gain the Duke dom of Naples. Maybe Prospero intended them to do this, as it would again cause a rift between the company. Gonzalo is about to be killed too, but this is stopped by Ariels music, as Gonzalo is a large part of Prosperos plan. Once again the end of the scene is determined by magic. Scene Two starts with Caliban complaining about Prospero, and how he has been mistreated. Caliban himself is a magical creature, representing the pure natural man who is corrupted by the temperament of humans. The scene itself doesnt actually contain much magic, except perhaps the magical power that alcohol holds over Stephano, Trinculo and Caliban. Act Three Scene One is the scene in which Ferdinand and Miranda agree to marriage. The play so far has taken place over a very short space of time and again it is questionable as to whether this whole thing has been manufactured by Prospero, as the stage direction indicated he is at a distance, unseen watching over proceedings. Prospero enters the scene visibly this time and agrees to let the marriage take place. Again the whole timing of the episode, and Prosperos joy at this news seems rather mad-made. Even at the end of the scene Prospero says, Ill to my book as if he has more in store. Scene Two goes back to Stephano, Trinculo and Caliban and they plan to kill Prospero so that they can have hold over the island. Caliban knows the extent of Prosperos power so is a little more cautious. Just as between the royal party, a rift forms when Trinculo sulks about Caliban being the centre of attention. Ariel sees this and decides to take advantage in comic style. She uses Trinculos voice, expressing his real thoughts, to widen the rift between Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo. Again this isnt really necessary to the play but is another example of the use of magic and its role in the play. Ariel then plays music to distract the 2 humans and they decide to follow that rather than go through with the plan to kill Prospero. Again this intervention of magic ends the scene. The final scene of this act shows the largest use of magic and possible for the most ruthless reasons. Prosperos plan overall is one of revenge and this is where he lures all the men together. Again there is the link between music and magic, but this time Prospero has instructed for a feast to appear in front of the men. This is similar to the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, as the men do suspect that something is wrong here. The men see the spirits that carry in the banquet and are suddenly aware of the magical forces around them, and over the entire isle. Prospero uses this to taunt the royals, and tempt them, using cruel methods. Ariel is sent in as a harpy and the feast then vanishes, dashing all the hopes of the men in one fell swoop. The men are very confused by this occurrence. Ariels long speech condemns the men and the spectacle of this mythical bird is done to scare the men. Prospero has set up everything for this moment, and carries it off in true style. Everything has been done to have the greatest effect, and whether this is truly humane is debateable. In all, the whole of the play depends entirely of magic, and if it were not for Prosperos interest in magic in the first place, none of this would have taken place. The supernatural powers that Prospero exerts and sometimes abuses are the very basis of the play, which is unusual for Shakespearean play. For example, in Macbeth the witches have some influence over Macbeth himself, but the power of free will can over-ride this, as it does on several occasions. The repeated use of magic can appear delightful if staged in the correct way, however if you read deeper into the play, it is apparent that Shakespeare wanted to represent the potential of supernatural powers if misused. The way he has done this works well to show the corruption of humans when they believe they are bigger than a magical, mysterious force.

A Summary Of The Movie Jarvis Lorry

A Summary Of The Movie Jarvis Lorry In the movie Jarvis Lorry, an employee of Tellsons Bank, was sent to find Dr. Manette, an unjustly imprisoned physician, in Paris and bring him back to England. Lucie, Manettes daughter who thought that he was dead, accompanied Mr. Lorry. Upon arriving at Defarges wine shop in Paris, they found Mr. Manette in a very bad state and took him back to London with them. In 1780, five years later, Lucie, Mr. Lorry and Dr. Manette were called to testify against Charles Darnay, a tutor who made constant trips between France and England and was thus accused of treason, but Darnay was acquitted when a lawyer, named Sydney Carton, looked much like him and an eye witness faltered to positively distinguish between them. Carton loved Lucie but he was a drunk. Knowing that their relationship was hopeless, he stated that he would sacrifice himself for her or anyone she loved in an emotional conversation. Darnay ended up marrying Lucie. Darnays uncle, the Marquiuis St. Evremonde, was assassinated by the father of a child he ran over and Darnay inherited the title, Marquiuis St. Evermonde, Now along with this title came power. Darnay would not take it because he did not want to exploit the French people as his uncle did. Around 1790, while the French Revolution was in full swing, Darnay decided to go to France to save a family servant. Upon his arrival, he was i mmediately jailed. Lucie and Dr. Manette soon showed up in Paris at the doorstep of Tellsons French office, where Lorry already was present. Dr. Manette managed to get Darnay released after a year, yet he was re-jailed the same day by Madame Defarge because his family, the Evremondes, had previously killed off her family. Darnay was tried the next day and sentenced to death. Manette went back into his demented state with hopelessness. Carton arrived in Paris and heard a plot to also kill Lucie and Dr. Manette. Quickly, he made his way into the prison with the help of spies and, with his close resemblance, switched places with Darnay. Carton had arranged for the escape of Lucie, Darnay, and Dr. Manette. Madame Defarge had been killed by Miss Pross, a sort of nanny to Lucie, and escaped with Lucie. Carton sacrificed his life for Lucie, her father, and Darnay at the guillotine and then died in victory. Dickens attempted to show his readers the power and dangers of a revolution in the origonial novel, and it is even shown more in the movie. He had a clear underlying theme that oppression and exploitation by an aristocracy will cause a revolt by those being miss treated, a fact that made the French Revolution inescapeable. Throughout this movie, it was visible that Dickens drew a connection between cruelty and disorder. Yet the power of love and sacrifice wer e, in the end, linked with a renewal of society. The harsh treatment of the aristocracy towards the poor was constantly shown. In one case, the Marquis St. Evremonde ran over a peasant child and just through a few coins at the father to make up for this loss. The anarchy of the revolution was shown by the many mobs that roamed the streets of Paris. Many nobles had left France and there was no powerful government. Therefore a direct connection was drawn between the cruelty by the high society and the outbreak of revolution turning quickly into chaos. Dickens was biased with a sympathy for the fooled, especially for children. The idea that the victimized, when forced for long enough, would revolt was a central idea behind this Dickins plot. The unjust imprisonment of Dr. Manette tore him apart. He could never truly escape from his prison experience and in moments of great stress he went back to the insanity which Mr. Lorry and Lucie had found him in at Book report.. 12thgrade. A tale of 2 citiesDefarges. Darnay had been tried often and came close to conviction a number of times all due to the past actions of h is family. He was a mere victim of the past. Dickens clearly showed strong support for Darnay and Dr. Manette not only in the outcome, where they successfully escaped France, but also throughout the story. When the peasant child was run over by Marquis St. Evremonde, Dickens showed a great deal of contempt for Evremonde, when he merely offered a few coins as his remorse, and created a sense that this was a terrible act. I have learned a great deal about life during the early French Revolution and viewed the anarchy with much inner thought while watching this movie. Members of the upper aristocracy were, in general, more conceited that I had previously thought them to be. The numerous mobs were more unstable then I had expected. They roamed, destroying at random, and went on to a new task with little persuasion. Many mobs cheered in joy for Darnay when he was acquitted at his first trial in France but were just as excited when he was condemned to death the second time. Society in general during the French Revolution has become much clearer to me. The movie it self was originally a little difficult to understand until I became aware of the plot, and with help from you. At that point I had no problem following the plot, which actually became quite interesting. The French Revolution was very well displayed in all of its violence and anarchy. The underlying ideas of oppression and anarchy made it enjoyable to see how the characters interacted. I found Carton especially interesting. He knew that Lucie would never seek after him, before and after her marriage to Darnay, yet he devoted his life to her and gave it up in the end for her. Despite all of the depressing aspects of the movie, Dickens theme of renewl became much more visible towards the end and actually was quite inspiring. As Carton gave his life for Darnay and Lucie, his final vision of a better society,wich was stated in the origonal novel left me with a hopeful attitude and seemed to be an v ery good way to close.

World War 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World War 1 - Essay Example However, there are outright reasons, which have been acknowledged across the board as the major contributing factors. These are for example the existence of alliances among like minded nations. Before the start of the war, it had emerged that nations across Europe were organizing them selves into formidable groupings, which were primarily for the purpose of protecting each other in case one of them was attacked by an enemy. Such defense agreements existed between countries such as Russia and Serbia, Britain and Japan, France and Russia, Germany and Austria Hungary as well as between Britain, France and Belgium (Gilbert 41). This means for example that if Germany attacked Russia, then this would have forced Serbia and France to come in and assist Russia, forcing Austria Hungary to join forces with Russia thereby triggering a major conflict. These countries had also joined hands with other countries to form the triple alliance and the triple entente. The triple alliance consisted of Ge rmany, Italy and Austria Hungary while the triple entente had Britain, France, and Russia who were the major participants though Japan, Spain and the US later joined the entente. However, these forces applied diplomacy in most of the conflicts arising before 1914 but in the real sense, there was the lack of trust and a lot of suspicion such that there only required a triggering force for a war to explode (Gilbert 63). This is to imply that if these defensive groups had not been established before 1914, probably the First World War would never have occurred. Nevertheless, it is important to note that apart from the alliances, these countries had been scrambling for territories in Africa and Asia, in search of raw materials for their industries as well as procurement of slaves to provide labor to these industries. As such, the diplomatic relation among the European countries had been soured owing to the fact that some, such as Britain and France, had already encroached vast territorie s in these areas and Germany and other European powers wanted a share of the economic advantages. On the other hand, Britain and France had to maintain their territories and if possible, expand them even if it meant invading the few territories that Germany had (Gilbert 101). However, these provocations did not warrant a world war but in the long run, they created a circumstance whereby each and every country was searching for a reason to go into war with each other. In addition, the arms race had been going on for a long time with the superpowers trying to outdo each other either on the land or at sea. This increased military activity in Europe and as a result, it enhanced the level of threat by facilitating motivation to build weapons and equipment capable of sustaining heavy fighting. In deed, the arms race helped much to deteriorate the level of trust between the would be super powers as each felt threatened by the existence of a rival with a much more military power and technol ogy capable of suppressing opposition and gaining uncontrollable influence in the region. Britain for example invested heavily on the navy as the country is well surrounded by water and as a result, Germany went ahead to spend a lot of money to procure the Dreadnought war ships for fear of being overpowered in case Britain decided to attack from the ocean (Hough 36). Despite these factors, the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary by a Serbian nationalist i.e. Gavrilo Princip, acted as the major direct triggering factor towards the WW1. Apparently, it has been observed that the murder was supposed to act as a sign to show Germany and Austria Hungary that the Slavic people were willing to go to any extent

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 7

Case study - Essay Example The project was assigned to Hrad with a fixed deadline and cost and this deadline and cost was not enough for the completion of the project. There were several problems due to which, Hrad was unable to meet the deadline. This paper deals with the case between Tegan and Hrad Technika in detail. A/P was experiencing problems and Tegan was continuously thinking about dealing with the problems with A/P system but Tegan was unable to sort out the issue until Fan Li came with his toys in the market. Tegan had three options out of which, it had to decide for an appropriate project suitable for the performance and maintenance of A/P project. The first option was to install an enterprise resource planning system such as SAP, second was to rewrite the system using internal resources and third was to outsource the system development to a third party (Upton and Staats 2008b, 3). The organization’s management decided for the third option that was to outsource the A/P project and the reasons were that they were unable to bear the costs of other projects and they did not have the required staff for the development process. The outsourcing of A/P project was the right move in comparison to the other alternatives because it required minimum cost that was bearable for the firm and also the other options required more costs and more staff for the work. Hrad Technika worked for Tegan before for completing software programs for the firm. However, this task was much challenging for the company and required much expertise. Previously the projects go through problems but the administration of Tegan was satisfied with Hrad Technika due to which, they opted for it. Requirements analysis is very crucial for successful bidding on any project. With the help of requirement analysis, all the requirements and demands of the system can be known and all the problems that the system is facing by the users of the system can be known. In addition, the

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and Essay

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and developmental characteristics of small business visavis large companies.What are the impli - Essay Example Small businesses have distinct features in terms of management organization and development structures. According to Wood (1981), Business objectives are negotiated outcome of the inter play of power and influence between owners of property (capital) and those who do not own properties in the industrial field. (Monsted, 2005) In management, small scale businesses are usually owner-managed while in large scale businesses management has a formal structures with well articulated portfolios that are occupied by professionalism their field of business. Management has been charged with the responsibility of formalizing a coherent long-term industrial relations strategy. Successful small-scale firms engage in strategic management either knowingly and with a set vision or even unknowingly without any set vision. Success is related to sound management while failure shows management is somehow wanting. In the management of small firms owner-managers pursue personal goals which are geared by personal visions; this to some extent hinders achievement of success in the business relative to their large counterparts. This is different from the management in large firms because managers are directly answerable to the stakeholders. (Burns, 2007) In small firms' owner-managers, being the principal stakeholder, in most cases play a multiplicity of roles in management, thus the probability of poor decision-making is higher compared to large firms resulting to inappropriate actions due to lack of efficient management attention to issues that are strategic. (Nooteboom, 1994) Analysis of labor management in small firms commanded little attention during the 80's. Human resource management is a new type of management that is widely used in large companies to quite a great success and has since been introduced in the small firms as well. Previously, it was argued that industrial relations and personnel management in small firms was inexistent thus leading to exploitation of employees. Whereas as large companies dictate supplier relationship, the owners of small businesses are denied options regarding the way they manage labor as considering cost constraints and meeting targets for quality takes away the liberty of independent decision making. Research conducted in the personal field tends to focus on the large firms employing more that 100 employees on a full time basis at the expense of small firms. Small firms put more emphasis on the fields of accounting over personnel management (Nooteboom, 1994). The characteristics of personal ownership, independence and lack of marketing power are unique to the small businesses. These characteristics produce the constraints on management produce the constraints on management and financial resources that are an inevitable consequence of small scale, independence plays to the advantage of the small businesses is that decision making is fast and does not have to undergo all kind of bureaucratic stages as witnessed in large businesses. (Nooteboom, 1994) This saves time and if they make the right decision, they reap the whole of the returns. In small business, there is always room for innovation. This makes the small business to be able to come up with new products and services for the various markets. However, ideas developed in small-scale businesses are not likely to prosper because

Personal experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal experience - Essay Example We knew that the Hessian troops were garrisoned at Trenton, across the river. We started at 6 in the evening and marched nine mile in the gathering darkness up to McConkey’s ferry. Soldiers were already being ferried across the icy river when we reached the place. It was snowing, and there were ice floes in the river. Most of us did not have proper clothes or shoes, and our muskets were sodden. . It was 3 in the morning of the 26th when finally all of us, including the artillery, crossed. General Washington watched us silently as we crossed . â€Å"We’ll take them by surprise. They must have been drinking all night†, said Lt. Munroe as we marched towards Trenton.. Half a mile from Trenton, we surprised a Hessian picket , and captured them. Just then we heard the boom of guns and knew that General Sullivan had arrived with the artillery. Lt. Munroe led us to rush the Hessian artillerists, just as they were about to fire two cannons. The Hessians fled pell-mell, not heeding their commanding officer , who was shot .We captured the entire Hessian force , except a few who escaped. I am proud to have taken part in the Battle of Trenton,. After our victory at Trenton, many recruits joined our army, and finally â€Å"the Rabble† were able to defeat the greatest power on the earth, and gain

Race and stereotypical attitudes In the United States Research Paper

Race and stereotypical attitudes In the United States - Research Paper Example Stereotype is closely related with the other terms such as discrimination and prejudice but holds a different concept. According to Daniel Katz and Kenneth Braly, stereotyping can give rise to discrimination and racial prejudice among different groups within a society. For example; recently people in America can be seen reporting any activity of terrorism with Muslims. This is a typical example of a stereotypical thinking where any act of terrorism is being associated with a religious group. However, in the past, such acts of terrorism were observed being linked with the Blacks. Blacks were thought as the people who carry a gun or any weapon when they are walking around casually. They were considered as the robbers or buglers. However, this raised hostile behavior for the blacks by the whites and vice versa. Racial Inequality and Behavior in United States Racial inequality in the country has given rise to different societal issues that has adversely affected the behavior and quality of life of the people belonging from different cultural backgrounds in America including the native Americans. Racial inequality has given rise to unequal distribution of wealth, power, resources and other opportunities. This is had not given rise to different societal issues but it has also effected the behavior of Americans. Racial discrimination has outlined numerous cultural, legal, political and economic issues. Even American can be seen having biased against the people of color. According to a poll conducted by Washington Post regarding the incident of Trayvon Martin, who was shot brutally in Florida on the bases of his races. It was found out that 55% of Americans believe that people with different color are given more freedom when it comes to legal accountability as compare to whites. However, on the other hand, 80% of the African Americans believe that the legal accountability system in America holds a discriminative behavior against the people of color. This perception amo ng the people indicates that Americans are divided on the subject of racial issues. Also, it provokes a thought that is the legal accountability system is biased while treating the people of color differently? Racial bias in America has adversely affected the behavior of people and despite what the authorities claim this issue holds a significant position in the American history. During 1940s, African Americans faced a hostile behavior from the white people. The efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr. is an evidence to support to this hostility that how African Americans were deprived of their legal and social status by the majority of white people in America. In another piece of literature, James Weldon Johnson in his â€Å"The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man† has explained that how as an African American one was faced with racial discrimination and how that man preferred to live as a middle-class white man. This indicates that the thinking and behavior of that African America n man was changed due to the hostile attitude and behavior he had to face by the white groups. His circumstances led him to change his identity and lifestyle which could be seen how people today are shifting their identity from their roots to a new one. Similarly, he has explained in his story that how the behavior of the blacks were regarded as low as they never put an effort

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and Essay

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and developmental characteristics of small business visavis large companies.What are the impli - Essay Example Small businesses have distinct features in terms of management organization and development structures. According to Wood (1981), Business objectives are negotiated outcome of the inter play of power and influence between owners of property (capital) and those who do not own properties in the industrial field. (Monsted, 2005) In management, small scale businesses are usually owner-managed while in large scale businesses management has a formal structures with well articulated portfolios that are occupied by professionalism their field of business. Management has been charged with the responsibility of formalizing a coherent long-term industrial relations strategy. Successful small-scale firms engage in strategic management either knowingly and with a set vision or even unknowingly without any set vision. Success is related to sound management while failure shows management is somehow wanting. In the management of small firms owner-managers pursue personal goals which are geared by personal visions; this to some extent hinders achievement of success in the business relative to their large counterparts. This is different from the management in large firms because managers are directly answerable to the stakeholders. (Burns, 2007) In small firms' owner-managers, being the principal stakeholder, in most cases play a multiplicity of roles in management, thus the probability of poor decision-making is higher compared to large firms resulting to inappropriate actions due to lack of efficient management attention to issues that are strategic. (Nooteboom, 1994) Analysis of labor management in small firms commanded little attention during the 80's. Human resource management is a new type of management that is widely used in large companies to quite a great success and has since been introduced in the small firms as well. Previously, it was argued that industrial relations and personnel management in small firms was inexistent thus leading to exploitation of employees. Whereas as large companies dictate supplier relationship, the owners of small businesses are denied options regarding the way they manage labor as considering cost constraints and meeting targets for quality takes away the liberty of independent decision making. Research conducted in the personal field tends to focus on the large firms employing more that 100 employees on a full time basis at the expense of small firms. Small firms put more emphasis on the fields of accounting over personnel management (Nooteboom, 1994). The characteristics of personal ownership, independence and lack of marketing power are unique to the small businesses. These characteristics produce the constraints on management produce the constraints on management and financial resources that are an inevitable consequence of small scale, independence plays to the advantage of the small businesses is that decision making is fast and does not have to undergo all kind of bureaucratic stages as witnessed in large businesses. (Nooteboom, 1994) This saves time and if they make the right decision, they reap the whole of the returns. In small business, there is always room for innovation. This makes the small business to be able to come up with new products and services for the various markets. However, ideas developed in small-scale businesses are not likely to prosper because

Race and stereotypical attitudes In the United States Research Paper

Race and stereotypical attitudes In the United States - Research Paper Example Stereotype is closely related with the other terms such as discrimination and prejudice but holds a different concept. According to Daniel Katz and Kenneth Braly, stereotyping can give rise to discrimination and racial prejudice among different groups within a society. For example; recently people in America can be seen reporting any activity of terrorism with Muslims. This is a typical example of a stereotypical thinking where any act of terrorism is being associated with a religious group. However, in the past, such acts of terrorism were observed being linked with the Blacks. Blacks were thought as the people who carry a gun or any weapon when they are walking around casually. They were considered as the robbers or buglers. However, this raised hostile behavior for the blacks by the whites and vice versa. Racial Inequality and Behavior in United States Racial inequality in the country has given rise to different societal issues that has adversely affected the behavior and quality of life of the people belonging from different cultural backgrounds in America including the native Americans. Racial inequality has given rise to unequal distribution of wealth, power, resources and other opportunities. This is had not given rise to different societal issues but it has also effected the behavior of Americans. Racial discrimination has outlined numerous cultural, legal, political and economic issues. Even American can be seen having biased against the people of color. According to a poll conducted by Washington Post regarding the incident of Trayvon Martin, who was shot brutally in Florida on the bases of his races. It was found out that 55% of Americans believe that people with different color are given more freedom when it comes to legal accountability as compare to whites. However, on the other hand, 80% of the African Americans believe that the legal accountability system in America holds a discriminative behavior against the people of color. This perception amo ng the people indicates that Americans are divided on the subject of racial issues. Also, it provokes a thought that is the legal accountability system is biased while treating the people of color differently? Racial bias in America has adversely affected the behavior of people and despite what the authorities claim this issue holds a significant position in the American history. During 1940s, African Americans faced a hostile behavior from the white people. The efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr. is an evidence to support to this hostility that how African Americans were deprived of their legal and social status by the majority of white people in America. In another piece of literature, James Weldon Johnson in his â€Å"The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man† has explained that how as an African American one was faced with racial discrimination and how that man preferred to live as a middle-class white man. This indicates that the thinking and behavior of that African America n man was changed due to the hostile attitude and behavior he had to face by the white groups. His circumstances led him to change his identity and lifestyle which could be seen how people today are shifting their identity from their roots to a new one. Similarly, he has explained in his story that how the behavior of the blacks were regarded as low as they never put an effort

Human Services Essay Example for Free

Human Services Essay What needs do each agency meet and what demographic does each agency serve? The department of social services caters to anyone who in in need of assistance as long as basic requirements are met. The DSS mainly caters to women and children .This resource helps with food through a program named SNAP which stands for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The main role of this service is to supplement the incomes of the people who are having issues providing food for their family. This is done by Social services issuing an electronic benefit card also referred to as EBT card to distribute stamps on a monthly basis until the family is able to provide for their family with no assistance. They having other programs in place to assist with the needs of child care and some clients’ qualify to receive a cash allowance on a monthly basis until the family no longer qualify for the benefit. The program is a federal mandated program put into place to assist the country people that are vulnerable to having a poor quality of life. The other agency that was selected was CAASTL this program is very similar to the department of social services but on a much smaller scale. The Community action agency does not off monthly benefits for food and living expenses. However they do have food pantry that is used to help family eat healthy meals and they offer assistance with utility instead of issues out a monthly allowance. This service mainly cater to families with small children and elderly people in need of assistance. This program was put in place to assist with need of the people who lived in the county and did not qualify for services which were located in the city. Both agencies are there to help people that are in need the department of social services has more funding that CAASTL because it is a program that only receives funds to help pay for resources that would be used to assist people living in that community Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

impact of feminism on fashion

impact of feminism on fashion Impact of Feminism on Fashion There has been a heated discussion on the equality of man and woman since a century ago when feminists began to strive for womens benefit. Compared to women in nineteenth century, women in this day and age have more rights and freedom. Women are now more considered to be independent individuals, as long time ago, they were possessions of men. Furthermore, women were compelled to follow every single order from men unconditionally. As an important impetus to fashion, feminism, which was mainly formed by three waves, has changed the stereotype significantly and lead to the decrease of restrictions on womens dressing. â€Å"Feminism encompasses many different theoretical, political and academic traditions. At the centre of feminist concerns, however, is the liberation of women from oppressive social practices and ideologies.†The first wave of feminist movement dated from nineteenth century to 1940s in United Kingdom and United States. Accompanied by anti-feudal movement, feminism finally became the most indispensable part and the criteria of social revolution. Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of womens suffrage. Basically, it was the first time when women have the opportunity to vote. During this wave, World War I took place, which was another cause of changes in womens status. In order to defend national sovereignty, men were conscribed to fight in the battle front. Therefore, women had to do mens physical labour in factory. Females no longer stayed in the house only serving their own family, but also went out working to support the household and their country. Not accidentally, (see Illus. 1) Coco Chanels simple and practical designs catered to the needs of working women. In her shop, she sold â€Å"flannel blazers, straight linen skirts, sailor tops, long jersey sweaters and skirt-jackets†which were inspired by menswear. These convenient clothes enabled women to work with higher efficiency. †Chanel used such serviceable materials and relaxed patterns in the design of fashionable daywear for sophisticated urban women, safe in her knowledge of their aspirational and practical qualities.† Her accomplishment in fashion helped her situated in the roles of feminist pioneer. Simplicity has become a recognized characteristic of Coco Chanel and affected the fashion trend afterwards. Unfortunately, after the men returned from war when the WWI ended, women were dispatched back to the kitchen.†Still, an important new stage had been reached, since the induction of women into the war effort initiated the whole process of liberation.† Between early 1960s and late 1980s, it was the second-wave feminism. Though after the first-wave feminism women have won over some legal rights, they were still limited and oppressed in working place. Slightly different from the first wave, the second-wave feminism concentrated on issues of real equality of women such as eliminating discrimination. Feminists went all out marching and protesting in the street. Owing to their hard struggle, females gradually earned some equality in the working place and other aspects of life. In all their achievements, the most remarkable event was the release of some gynocentric legal reforms. Without the legal obstructions to womens personal freedom and professional achievement, women had a chance to prove themselves to be as capable as men. The 1960s, also called the Sixties, was a decade when tremendous changes happened to fashion. In this era, fashion was influenced by various factors such as â€Å"social mobility, daring fashion photography, easier travel abroad, the Vietnam War, new music of the Beatles and their much copied hairstyles, retro military and ethnic clothes, musicals, pop art and film all played a part†. Feminism was absolutely one of the most influential causes of all. Le Smoking (see Illus. 2), designed by Yves Saint Laurent in 1966, is a typical example of impact on fashion by feminism. Yves Saint Laurent wasnt the first person who created trousers for women. However, it was the first of its kind to draw attention in the fashion industry and the public. This innovative creation started androgynous style for women and pantsuits have been popular ever since. Its still one of the favourite outfits of office ladies in present-day society. The popularity of power suits demonstrates womens liberati on and equality between men and women to some extent. Besides, it provides women another choice in their wardrobes and dresses were not the only selection any more. In a word, the appearance of pantsuit is a symbol of women been considered to be an independent individuals in workplace. In group of people in younger age, some daring youths were seeking for something new in fashion as restrictions on women reduced.   Mary quants miniskirts (see Illus. 3), of which the hemline was set 6 or 7 inches above the knee, fulfilled their needs. It was controversial when it first came into the market, but then more people began to accept it in the mid-1960s and went into the major international trend. Miniskirt was reckoned to be a sign of womens liberation and enabled women to run and show their beauty without limits. The third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, and the fashion in this decade was casual and comfortable. However, fashion and feminism dont always go hand in hand. The release of womens body didnt go further because every woman wants perfect body for both personal reason and attracting men. Wearing garments that show their nice body makes women feel better, more beautiful and sometimes even more confident. Fashion nowadays emphasized on silhouette and only slim and S-shape body is deemed to be beautiful. This brings stress on women and urges them to fit themselves into clothes that might be too tight. After struggling for equality for more than one hundred years, phenomena of inequality have decreased remarkably. But men have been in the dominant position for the majority of time in history. Reforms in laws are definitely not enough to change the status. To gain real equality, male chauvinism should be eliminated entirely. Anyway, its still a long way to go to have final equality of men and women.

American Imperialism in Liberia :: African History Essays

Until the late 19th century, America was not an imperialist nation in the sense that the western European nations were. The wars with Native Americans were not so much a colonization effort as it was sheer conquest. Imperialism is an oppression of a foreign land and people for the purpose of enhancing the economy and political prowess of the imperialist nation, as well as enforcing the imperialist nation’s culture and often religion on the native population. The Native American oppression was too domestic to be considered imperialism, and was done strictly for the land and the American belief in Manifest Destiny. In short, the Indian wars were no more imperialistic then the Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire or the NAZI invasion of Europe. As a nation, America did not become imperialistic until the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, under whom the U.S. acquired its first foreign colony. America did have a significant influence in Liberia, despite a void of military presen ce. The American government’s allowance of slavery and the ensuing anti-slavery campaign led to the rise of the American Colonization Society (ACS) in 1817. The ACS, headed by Robert Finley, bought land on the West Coast of Africa in what is now called Liberia. This project was funded by members of the ACS and the American government, the latter of which donated one hundred thousand dollars in 1819. The ACS had a very strong influence in the American government due to some of its most prominent members, who included James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Francis Scott Key, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay. Free blacks in America and newly freed blacks off of slave ships in the West Indies were transported to Liberia from 1819 until the end of the Civil War, when the organization’s funding diminished. During that time, over thirteen thousand blacks immigrated to Liberia including over two-thousand six-hundred African-Americans. This immigration did not make a significant dent in the population of free blacks in the United States, which at that time was approximately two hundred thousand. The motives for the black colonization of Liberia were polar opposites. Some slaveholders were at one end of the spectrum, arguing that free blacks were dangerous to American society and should be taken back to Africa. Supporters of free blacks, on the other hand, reasoned that blacks would never surmount the racial prejudice in America and thus would be better off in among the blacks of Africa.

Free Definition Essays - A Baseball Fan :: Expository Definition Essays

A Baseball Fan What is a baseball fan? The word "fan" is an abbreviation of the word "fanatic," meaning "insane." In the case of baseball fans, the term is very appropriate. They behave insanely, they are insane about baseball trivia, and they are insanely loyal. Certainly the behavior of baseball fans is insane. They wear their official team t-shirts and warm-up jackets to the mall, the store, the classroom, and, if they can get away with it, to work. Then, whenever the team offers a giveaway item, the fans rush out to get the roll-up hat, tote bag, or beer cooler offered that day . In addition, they cover their walls with items of every kind. A baseball fan will have his bedroom walls plastered with posters and ornamented with caps and buttons. When they go to a game, the true baseball fans put on their team colors, grab their pennants, pin on their team buttons, and even bring along hand-lettered bed sheet signs proudly proclaiming "Go Dodgers" or "Braves are Number 1." At the game, these fans form a rooting section, constantly encouraging their favorite players and obediently echoing every cheer flashed on the electronic scoreboard. Baseball fans, in addition to behaving insanely, are also fascinated by baseball trivia. Every day they turn to the sports page and study last night's statistics. They simply must see who extended his hitting streak and how many strikeouts the winning pitcher recorded. Their bookshelves are crammed full of record books, team yearbooks, and baseball almanacs. They delight in remembering such significant facts as who was the last left-handed third baseman to hit an inning-ending double play in the fifth game of the playoffs. Finally, baseball fans are insanely loyal to the team of their choice. Should the home team's players lose eight in a row, their fans may begin to call them "bums." They may even suggest that the slumping cleanup hitter be sent to the minors or the manager fired. However, such reactions only hide their broken hearts. They still check the sports pages and tune in to get the score. Furthermore, this intense loyalty can make fans dangerous, for anyone who dares to say to a loyal fan that some other team has sharper fielding or a better attitude could risk permanent, physical harm.

Eckbert the Fair

Sawyer Auer LIBLR 123 Take home exam #1 October 23,2012 Tieck; Eckbert the Fair Tiek’s â€Å"fairy tale† of Eckbert the fair strays from the classical conception of style given to modern fairy tales. Fairy tales are often associated with several defining characteristics; extra-ordinary circumstances, â€Å"happy endings† and a moral to be learned. While Tieck’s tale does obey two of these three guidelines, he does so in a negative manor going the opposite way of twentieth century thought.Tiek’s protagonist Eckbert is first and foremost described as â€Å"†¦little more than medium height with short, light blond hair that hung in a plain fashion, closely framing his pale, drawn face. † (pg. 35). Eckbert is, normal, plain and pale. Average in more ways than one. A stark difference with traditional fairy tales has already showed itself in Tiek’s opening paragraph. The main character, Eckbert is a plain quiet simple man. As opposed to traditionally tales whereas the lead is a special person, in special circumstances.Furthermore the perspective changes within the narrative bouncing from Eckbert to his wife Bertha and then back to Eckbert. Daunting and depression social issues plague the story line. Bertha’s story begins with accounts of her parents beating her. Eckbert murders his friend in cold blood, incest, as discovered in the final page. Conventional, modern fairy tales take into account the youth of their readers and with this their context is molded to cater to such.Tiek used an arsenal of controversial subjects throughout the story, another way in which Tiek’s strays from the path from what is considered a â€Å"fairy tale† today. Ludwig Tiek’s tale has a theme to it, several factors that come back from the beginning to the end that paint the image that Tiek was attempting to portray through his examples. In the end of the story the message is finally brought to the forefront fo r the reader, punishing Eckbert for a deed that his wife committed and for his leeching of his wife’s treasure.Tiek punishes Eckbert and his wife for their monotonous lifestyle and Berta’s betrayal. Yet the punisher (the old woman in black) is pushing Berta to betray her the whole time, as though all she wanted was to see her fail. The same is true for Eckbert’s failures, the old woman, cackling, tells him that she was in fact Walther and Hugo. The two friends who Eckbert feels he needs to divulge his secrets too in order to be closer. He’s met with the same result each time, to his terrified disgust.One reason why this poem is such a stellar example of the romantic period is the way it portrays the paradoxical nature of the period itself. The attempt to teach a lesson that and punish the couple, whilst the entire time it seems as though they never had a choice, they were almost destined to fail. Hand in hand with the importance of the natural settings to the narrative, it holds true to romanticism. Berta’s journey through the harsh cliffs to the waterfall, we can see the descriptions changing to represent Berta’s environment altering.Nature, the supernatural elements and the paradoxical punishment of Berta and Eckbert make Tiek’s classic a romantic poem. Marx: The Communist Manifesto Dialectic Materialism a phrase coined by Marx, and further progressed by other authors who study Marx and Hegel exclusively, is the idea that every economic system at its core is based on principle values that lift it to its maximum efficiency while simultaneously helping to create an opposing system that will overtake the old one when its flaws see to its demise. Marx saw this occurrence as steps throughout history, which would eventually lead to communism.One system grows to its maximum efficiency, and then gives rise to an opposing system that takes the fundamental positives from the prior systems and evolves with them incorpora ted. In the Manifesto Marx and Engels talk of the Feudal system of Industry and its inability to cope with the changing world around it that it helped make. Being replaced by the system of manufacturing is just an example of marks dialectal materialism, one system being shed by society to be replaced by a more efficient, logical one (page 66).A revolutionary in Marx’s context doesn’t have a positive or a negative connotation, simply a meaning; someone who does away with a old system. To Marx, the Bourgeoisie was a revolutionary group for their role in abolishing the feudal system that precluded them; the proletariat would be revolutionaries too, for their (intended) role in collapsing the capitalist bourgeois society. Marx and Engels saw the bourgeois as destroyers of the feudal era of natural superiority. (Page 68).Whereas before the Feudal serfdom was still in place, god given birth rights granted the few privileged over the many, thanks to the revolutionary bourgeoi s that â€Å"natural superiority† was torn down , replaced by the new system of â€Å"cash payment†, Where economic need and the hoarding of capital separated the few from the many. This new step or system can be characterized by a term common today, â€Å"free trade†. This bourgeois capitalism survives by taking personal worth away for an exchange value, which Mark states as being for the purposes of exploitation.Through making personal worth an exchange value the new society has changed all major professions into simple wage laborers (page 68). The bourgeoisie are in constant need to change and evolve the methods of production and how production relates to society. Capitalist society defends its rebranding of social values as a necessary step to continue forward. Just as stated above about the process of dialectal materialism, this capitalist society will follow the same trend as the previous systems. The weakness that the bourgeois society bears is the same b urden that helped them fall the feudal society (page 71).As well as the creation of those that will see its end, and hoist their own system, the proletariat. Through overproduction and an overabundance of industry, commerce, production, these forces no longer exist for the bettering of society, instead they hoist a select few onto their shoulders, creating those that have little and those that have a lot. The haves and have not’s. Creating the social dichotomy that will eventually lead to the collapse of bourgeoisie society. Baudelaire Baudelaire is a romantic in the most pure sense of the word.He saw the duality in the world, the two forces at odds in his time. The rise of capitalistic values, lethargy taking over, Baudelaire was highly critical of his society and the morals it was raising in the populace, specifically greed and the abandoning of art. Baudelaire believed that mankind’s first responsibility was creativity. He believed the good in people was their minds , their creativity, the imagination, and its counterpart was boredom, sterility, a lack of purpose, the body and all its vices. Baudelaire turned the negatives into a channel in which to convey his creativity.In the poem the old clown, Baudelaire paints a picture of an old clown at a fair surrounded by joy and exuberance. The clown is seen by the narrator, through the crowd and described as such; â€Å"as if, in shame, he had exiled himself from all this splendor – I saw this poor clown, bent over, frail, decrepit, a man ruined, leaning with his back against one of the poles of his hut;† (Page 135). The manner in which Baudelaire describes the absolutes of the two opposing subjects leaves no room for debate. On one hand you have the old clown, â€Å"absolute poverty†, representing that which is used.A human being who once served a purpose placed into the corner alone. While on the other hand, the fair goes on. Baudelaire chooses to even describe the fair using w ords in the genre of economics; profit, â€Å"some were spending money, others earning it. † (Page 135). The duality of the situation is questioned by the narrator after his brief, intriguing interpretation of the old clown. He states that he had just seen a man torn down by his poverty and the ingratitude of the public. Baudelaire uses the old clown and the narrator as a symbol of capitalist modernity.You have the old clown to represent the older generation who used to be a brilliant entertainer in his day, yet left aside to dwell in his own poverty when he was of no use anymore. Marx states in his essay the importance of worth in capitalist society. Baudelaire here shows that when worth in the sense of capitalistic gain an option is no longer, those that cannot produce are cast aside. Even though they once served a role in their own society. The narrator can further press this simply by his actions regarding the old clown.He says to the reader, his intentions of leaving mon ey on the table to help the old man, but suddenly is swept away by the crowd. This is no accident, specifically the wording, of being carried away by the crowd. It’s Baudelaire’s way of showing his audience that society is stripping away human values and emotions and replacing them with the monetary importance and short term happiness. Bel-Ami The film is set in Paris, a rich up and coming seemingly utopian city where to have some is to have it all. Bel-Ami or Georges Duroy is the son of a peasant, returning from war he settles in Paris searching for opportunity.The movie starts with Bel-Ami living in a dirty, grimy small apartment, the seedy underbelly of the city, letting the viewer see the two sides of the coin. Bel-Ami’s first interactions with the bourgeoisies is his run in at a local bar with Charles Forestier, a former army comrade and bourgeois journalist, he extends an olive branch to Georges inviting him over for dinner. A key scene in this early proce ssion is when Charles gives Georges a few gold coins to buy new clothes with, Georges looks down at his new found treasure and uses a partial amount on the purchase of a prostitute.It’s here that a trend and theme of empty adulterous relationships stem from. The modern age in the story is depicted as empty of family values and emotions. Georges first empty sexual encounter is the first of many he is to have. Forestier gives Georges a job at the paper, chronicling his time as a soldier in Algeria as a foot soldier. Forestier’s paper continues to show a motive of taking down the government through showing the intentions to go to war with Algeria. Marx states the bourgeoisie society has torn away the sentimental veil from the family. This statement reigns over the entire story of Bel-Ami.Marriages are decided upon based on social and economic terms, whether or not the couple will be auspicious enough. The viewer witnesses Bel-Ami’s true metamorphosis into the bourg eois when he goes to Forestier’s deathbed, with the motive to marry his wife in mind. The utter lack of human emotions is laid at the feet of the audience here when the wife accepts, with the image of her husband, dead by ten minutes, in the background. Then through anger at Walter, the proprietor of the newspaper, Georges uses his amorous lifestyle, the only thing he really knows and seduces his wife.Marx talks about the destruction of family values and in its place simple wage worth is put into its place. This statement rears its ugly head when Walter confronts Georges for his seduction of his wife and doesn’t seem to care; he is fully focused on moving forward with the overthrow of the government. In the film, there’s an ironic undertone regarding the newspapers intention to overthrow the French government, the group of pompous older men in a stuffy room are attempting to be revolutionaries and overthrow a government that embodies their own wants, nd ultimate ly their objective is the same as the prior government, with their own economic interests at heart. Marx’s theory of the bourgeois revolutionary overthrow of the feudal system comes alive in the final moments of the film. Walter’s true intentions regarding Algeria, his plan to invade even after the overthrow, run parallel to Marx’s double edged praise for the bourgeois revolutionary ways. They overthrow one system to make room for one of equal if not worse intention. Money and power are the corrupting components, taking over Georges integrity.

American history since 1876

Wars often have a significant impact upon the domestic development of a nation. Every nation at one point or the other has experienced a war of some sort and this has gone a long way in shaping economic, political and social lives of citizens. United States in particular had a fair share of wars especially looking back at the last two or so decades. The World War and the Cold War were very instrumental in shaping what the United States of America is today. This discussion looks at how these two wars brought about changes in the political, social and economic arenas (Martin, G.S. 2004). The Second World War commonly referred to as World War 2 was conflict in the military that was felt throughout the world by all nations. The Cold War on the other hand was subsequent to the Second World War and it was a conflict between the western region of the world led by U. S and the Soviet Union. The effects of the world war were evident in many countries and United States was no exception. The ef fects were both negative and positive. They were negative in the sense there was a lot of destruction of property and many lives were lost.However there are also many positive effects in that many developments were achieved. The first notable development was in the area of technology. It is during the world war that the forerunner was developed which would later bring about the development of television. This paved way for the growth of the economy of what was later to become the world’s superpower. It was not all about growth. As already mentioned the Second World War also had far reaching negative effects.One of the greatest economic devastations that have always been associated with the Second World War was the Great Depression where banks closed unemployment soared as factories closed down, people starved, there were long queues for bread and the rural folks lost their mortgages. It was due to deteriorated housing conditions, unbearable working conditions and unavailabili ty of essential commodities that is said to have brought the economic growth down. The government’s ability to control the economy through control over spending and consumption emerged during the great depression.It is thus believed that the Great Depression did contribute indirectly to the growth of the economy of the U. S. It is also clear that the Cold War left the U. S as the only super power with Russia having collapsed (Martin, G. S. 2004). The World War 2 and the Cold did also have effects on the social and cultural life of the Americans. It was evident that after such a long period of war American citizens were finding it hard to adjust to the ordinary life. It took them a couple of years before they could adjust but finally they were able to.However from research conducted there are clear indications that the general living standards of American citizens improved. In conclusion it is clear that the Second World War and the Cold war did have a great impact in the inte rnational community and United States in particular. The effects were both positive and negative. However in most cases the positive effects are more visible as America emerged as the world’s super power due to these wars. Words: 555 Reference: Martin, G. S. (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History, New York: SAGE.

Causes and Effects of Water Pollution Essay cause and effect paper, e

reason for that is that plastics take four hundred and fifty years to decompose in the water. Also many companies use plastic and people throw it in the waterways. Because water can float and be carried by the wind, it can cause harm to unsuspecting creatures hundreds of feet from where it was originally dumped. Such waste includes bags, bottles, cups, straws, cup lids, utensils, six pack holders, cling wrap, fishing line, bait bags, and floats. The second highest cause of water pollution is ship waste. Ships used to take much garbage with them on their ships and dump them. This was very common until the government took action. They were giving sailors up to one million dollars fines for disposing waste. Because of that, ships now carry less garbage with them. Animals are not the only thing being harmed by water wastes. Fishing lines, rope, and plastic nets are being caught in the rutter and the engine, but the ships are not exactly perfect. The other main cause of water pollu...

Critical commentary about Ludwig Wittgenstein's view of 'hinge Essay

Critical commentary about Ludwig Wittgenstein's view of 'hinge propositions - Essay Example When what is considered known turns out to be false, it is a shattering experience that can change the perception of life and the worldview of those who are then enlightened by new truths. The idea of what is known is absolute is an important premise upon which entire belief systems are built. Wittgenstein, when he wrote about the theory of hinge propositions that ended up on a consolidated volume called On Certainty, he was searching for a way to eliminate scepticism from the general belief systems that exist within philosophy. Although the theory of hinge propositions appears to have a solution for the subject of scepticism, the idea that there can be ‘knowns’ has been historically refuted, changing the world view and the position of human beings through profound changes which prove that absolutes are not always absolutely true and are dependent upon cultural belief systems. There are many problems with the exploration that Wittgenstein has made on the concept of hinge propositions. In his search for an answer for scepticism, he made copious notes on the topic which is what have been put together in order to create the volume of work that is known as On Certainty. Moyal-Sharrock criticizes it as not being a work because it was never composed into a true book or volume, but rather it is a group of notes that are not well organized and they were never polished. Still, they have a thematic continuity that allows for an overall impression of the thoughts that Wittgenstein was having about certainty without the benefit of cohesion created by placing them together to form theoretical foundations.1 Prichard goes on to discuss how Wittgenstein is not trying to highlight something that is not accessible but is trying to shed light on what is familiar, creating a discourse on the nature of language and the way it is not only an activity, but a form of life. Language only has value as it is in use.2 How humans express their lives and what they know is centr al to creating socialization and culture, giving meaning and frameworks within which a certainty of knowing develops and creates a foundation for other theories and belief systems. Theory of Hinge Propositions The last year and a half of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s life produced a series of writing on philosophy that proposed great number ideas about the concept of what is known. As an example, Wittgenstein established that he knows that he has one hand and that he also has another. He established that â€Å"the earth existed a long time before my birth† as an assertion that this was another concept that was known (OC Preface). His purpose in bringing forward the ideas that seem so simple as truths was to create an awareness that there are always ideas that are a given and are the basis upon which theory is built. He states â€Å"That is to say, it belongs to the logic of our scientific investigations that certain things are in deed not in doubt† (OC  §342). He uses the idea of the hinge as a way to define what he means. He states â€Å"If I want the door to turn, the hinges must stay put† (OC  §343). In order to create inquiry, there are stabilities in belief that are maintained to make those theories work. There are absolutes that create a sense of stability upon which the world operates, those beliefs creating a solid platform from which to situate all other belief systems, some of which must then take leaps based