Michelle Richards free essay sample

Consider 4 pieces of legislation that are important for home based childcarers and how you would outline these to Anjum’s parents? How would you go about outlining the regulatory body and its 4 roles to Anjum’s parents? Relevant Assessment Criteria: Outline the current legislation covering home based childcare and the role of regulatory bodies I would provide Anjum’s parents (and all prospective parents/guardians) with an Information Sheet outlining the following A) Current legislation relevant for home based childcare; B) The Role of the regulatory body, Ofsted (As I am based in England)would also ask the parents to sign to say that I have shown them this information sheet as part of my ‘Policies and Procedures’ pack. Company logo and contact details Version 1. 0 – Last updated 14/08/12 I would like to let you know the latest information regarding childcare legislation and the industry regulatory body, Ofsted. All of which are in place to ensure child(ren) obtain the best care possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Michelle Richards or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have outlined below the regulations I think are most relevant at present and provided examples of how I will incorporate these Acts into my home-based childcare practice. I have also provided a list of other Acts which can be discussed in greater detail at a later date if requested.

Demise of Mongols essays

Demise of Mongols essays The Mongols were nomads, people who depended mainly on livestock for their livelihood. They were constantly on the move in response to seasons and searching for better grazing for their herds. This moving about also created opportunities and channels for trade with the different peoples and cultures with whom the Mongols came in contact. The Mongols themselves traded for commodities that they did not produce but needed iron being a good example. They also traded with agricultural people to obtain grain, vegetables, cotton and silk. This simple economic structure of the Mongols was inadequate to support the vast empire that the Great Khans had created during the 13th century. As the Mongols united nomadic tribes and expanded across the steppes of Asia and into the Middle East, Russia and China, they relied on resources taken from the acquired lands and societies to sustain their armies, infrastructure and other needs. Basically they took the wealth from others and used a system of harsh taxation to meet the rising costs of the empire. On the one hand the Mongols promoted economic development by opening up trade routes and permitting a freer flow of goods from one region to another, while on the other hand they were an economic burden to the societies they controlled. The Mongols were also inclusive, bringing captured people (at least those they did not kill or enslave) into their empire. This practice let them magnify their success by acquiring more people and armies but also stretched their Mongol leaders very thinly over a huge territory. So while the Mongols created unprecedented commercial integration and controlled a huge land area, they financed their empire by imposing heavy taxes and plundering they were wealth takers not builders. Similarly, while they brought together many peoples they had no common system for administration as had the Romans or the Greeks. Thei ...

A Loan Versus A Sale

Loan and sale The example of fraudulent transaction between Enron and Merill Lynch Bank proved to be a good example of how to use a loan for promotion. In fact, they are not sold technically. In 2004, following the Nigerian barge deal, Enron sold a power generation barge to Merrill Lynch. Company executives recorded a huge sale, which turned out to be a loan rather than a sale, and since the Enron was not actually acquired from the transaction, the US Securities and Exchange Commission conducted a survey in 2004. * Inappropriate reduction of cost or market (LCM) valuation of loans intended for sale: general industry practice of LCM assessment of loans intended for sale is group-by-category lending-run or grouping and monitoring bad loans. With this approach, the mortgage company can properly perform the valuation and monitor the performance of the loan. However, as New Century Financial Corporation organized the two types of performance loans and bad debts into one group, the new cen tury loans held for sale were overvalued and did not make it, so there would be a difference in actual net income . In 2010, Colorado Province undertakes a new loan, with payment date loan reduction, loan cost reduction, six months extension of minimum loan period, ban on sale of incidental products, proportional invoice reimbursement Reduced motivation. According to the responsible loan center, the first minute has been repaid Market lenders constitute a specific subset of private credits and have received a lot of attention recently - the clear feature of this type of lender is that they are offering a selling loan through the online platform . These platforms attract interested borrowers, provide underwriting, set the price of the loan based on the perceived risk level (set the interest rate) and transfer the entire loan to one or more investors throughout the market I will sell it. Rental clubs are typical examples of peer-to-peer (P2P) loans and alternate loans / market loans. Prosperity is very similar and competitive market. Though they all focus on consumer debt, SoFi Common Bond is focusing on student debt, although other people like Ondeck Kabbage focus on SME debt. A Loan Versus A Sale Loan and sale The example of fraudulent transaction between Enron and Merill Lynch Bank proved to be a good example of how to use a loan for promotion. In fact, they are not sold technically. In 2004, following the Nigerian barge deal, Enron sold a power generation barge to Merrill Lynch. Company executives recorded a huge sale, which turned out to be a loan rather than a sale, and since the Enron was not actually acquired from the transaction, the US Securities and Exchange Commission conducted a survey in 2004. * Inappropriate reduction of cost or market (LCM) valuation of loans intended for sale: general industry practice of LCM assessment of loans intended for sale is group-by-category lending-run or grouping and monitoring bad loans. With this approach, the mortgage company can properly perform the valuation and monitor the performance of the loan. However, as New Century Financial Corporation organized the two types of performance loans and bad debts into one group, the new cen tury loans held for sale were overvalued and did not make it, so there would be a difference in actual net income . In 2010, Colorado Province undertakes a new loan, with payment date loan reduction, loan cost reduction, six months extension of minimum loan period, ban on sale of incidental products, proportional invoice reimbursement Reduced motivation. According to the responsible loan center, the first minute has been repaid Market lenders constitute a specific subset of private credits and have received a lot of attention recently - the clear feature of this type of lender is that they are offering a selling loan through the online platform . These platforms attract interested borrowers, provide underwriting, set the price of the loan based on the perceived risk level (set the interest rate) and transfer the entire loan to one or more investors throughout the market I will sell it. Rental clubs are typical examples of peer-to-peer (P2P) loans and alternate loans / market loans. Prosperity is very similar and competitive market. Though they all focus on consumer debt, SoFi Common Bond is focusing on student debt, although other people like Ondeck Kabbage focus on SME debt.

Going for growth by investing in people, products and plant 2 Essay

Going for growth by investing in people, products and plant 2 - Essay Example Question 1 Before making an investment, it is prudent that one possesses an effective understanding of the market of operation. This is important in making an informed investment move. The process of studying the market and developing an understanding of the same is collectively referred to as investment appraisal. It involves a series of market evaluation through a number of mechanisms which result in the comparison of the business’ key objectives which are profitability under the existent market forces (Willey, 2012). There are a number of investment appraisal methodologies including net present value which investigates the ability of the market to repay the investment given the numerous present market factors such as inflation. One of the most preferred of these methods is the direct payback method in which the investor calculates the number of years it may take the business to return the initial investment. Some other investment appraisal method is the accounting rate of r eturn which bases its assessment of the market on its ability to earn profit to the investment. Despite their different approaches to the appraisal, the methods safeguard the interest of the business by trying to determine its profitability and above all its longevity. The life of a business is of great importance to the investor since the longer a business stays viable, the more the investor earns. The company makes an extensive capital investment with the sole aim of achieving the business objective. Capital investment is the amount of money that the enterprise invests in fixed assets which are directly used before implementing its investment plan. In this case, the Hazelwood Sandwiches Company carries out an extensive market research and investment appraisal thereby ensuring that their company stays relevant in the evidently dynamic market (Tabbush, 2011). This includes enhancing the production process such as the machinery and the production plant. The company does this after st aying in operation for some time; it therefore has an understanding of the market. Its decision to make such an expansive capital investment arises from the understanding that it has for the market. The company, just as any other desires, to stay active in the industry for as long as it takes. It therefore collects adequate information about the market and has its market facts right (Thomas & Michael, 2001). After determining the market size, the company determines its market share which is indeed the largest. The subsequent investment therefore arises from the desire to retain the position thus safeguarding both the profitability and the longevity of the company. The company has therefore mapped out its capital investment plan in phases to ensure that it does not become bankrupt in the process since such as scenario might have stifled the production process thereby either incurring debts or resulting in the eventual closure of the company. While purchasing fixed assets and improvin g the scale of production, the company also increases its working capital which is also part of capital investment. Question 2 The investment decision technique is synonymous to the investment appraisal method. The three discussed in the article are the playback method, the net present value, and the account rate of return (Alexander, 2010). Despite the fact that they all lead to an appropriate investment decision, they are different in their provisions and therefore possess unique advantages and disadvantages. The net

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Management - Essay Example Recruitment and selection are the core function of a personnel department of an organization. Modern business world recruitment is very important strategic area for organizations better performance. Many IT and other service sectors give more importance to their recruitment process. â€Å"When recruiting people, be alert to any personal prejudices or preferences you have which are not linked to the ability to do the job. Try to set these aside in favour of objective criteria of suitability related to the skills, experience and ability needed to perform the job1.† Recruitment and selection process starts after the identification of vacancies to be filled up Recruitment in the process of researching for the prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. â€Å"Effective recruitment and selection should not be about the luck of the draw. Systematic planning and preparation will increase the likelihood of taking on the right person. The key to effective recruitment is preparation: knowing the job and what is required of someone to perform it well2.† Hence the first step in identification of sources of manpower supply Unilever Ltd, is a Largest multi-national FMCG marketing Company in the world. They consider selection as an effort in the total process of acquiring and developing Marketing Executives. The Company believes that the selection process must be consistent with other events in the total process for it to be effective. Therefore the Company adopts a systematic and integrated selection process to select the best possible graduates. The selection process can divided into three steps: The Company usually receives large number of applications for the position advertised or through campus interview. The Applications are screened, keeping in mind the minimum qualifications prescribed to ascertain the eligibility of candidates.† Potential candidates may

High Housing Prices in Shanghai Essay Example for Free

High Housing Prices in Shanghai Essay The topic of my presentation is making analysis into three parts—current situation, cause and solution. The first part—current situation. Now, many experts still believe that housing prices continue to rise; just because of limited land. The range of rise in housing price exceeds the range of rise in resident income. It makes lots of low and middle-income people worried about their own houses. Housing revenue rate is increasing, so real estate plays an important role in the economy of Shanghai. The first cause isThe economy of Shanghai continuously rise and it makes real estate market prosperity and development. From this chart, we can find a trend—GDP in Shanghai increased every year. People have more and more money to invest. In addition, Chinese have a traditional view that buying houses is the best way to keeping value. The second point is huge profits. Along with the change of industrial structure, many people find real estate industry has huge profits in China. In China, its average profit rate is 69% and gross margin is as high as 55%. Huge profits attracted more businessmen and speculators. The third point isBanks have launched mortgage. Mortgage has brought a great hope to someone who can’t afford to buy a house. This table shows housing loans occupy very large proportion of personal consumption. And in 2004, the upward trend appeared, at the same time, Shanghai housing loans reached 244 billion Yuan. The forth point isPopulation movements. It is a common sense that Shanghai is an international city, citizens come from different places. The picture below tells us a mode of population movements. Demands are more than supplies which means population is becoming bigger and land is becoming limited. That’s why Shanghai housing prices will continue to rise. Next, The first solution is Low-rent Houses. The government should increase investment to support poor people. The low-rent housing can meet basic requirements for them. This method will solve the social problem due to high housing prices and enable social stability. The second solution is Strengthening supervision. Each functional department should crack down on illegal real estate developers and illegal development behaviors. Actually, the government should restrain overheat and high housing prices. The third solution is Revising and improving relevant laws and regulations. Laws and regulations will standardize the real estate industry and its market to eliminate the cause of huge profits. And it will also standardize housing prices and taxes. In this way, many illegal businessmen and speculators will be sued reasonably. The forth solution is Correct media publicity. Making correct investment guide for consumers to avoid invest huge money on real estate blindly. Absolutely, it is a best way to sound an alarm bell for illegal businessmen and speculators to make them awake. Finally, I will summary my essay. Real estate is the first-class important event in the common people life. High housing prices problem must be solved as soon as possible.

Hamlet: Power vs Happiness :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Claudius what are your motives for killing the king, marrying his wife and taking on the role of father to his young son?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claudius is introduced in act I, ii.   In this scene he has an important speech. In this speech he talks about the death of the king, his marriage to the queen and the foreign problems of the state. He utilizes many transitions and tends to empiseze the foreign affairs of the state. I don't know what to make of this, it could mean various things. It could mean that Claudius is making a grab for power shown in his concentration on the foreign polices trying to distract from his lust for power, along with his marriage to the queen giving the change in leadership a smoother and more acceptable feel. He also down plays the death of the formal king so that he can redirect the peoples' attention to his plans and the problems of the state. But I could mean something else I'm not sure. Later on in this scene Claudius talks to Hamlet, Hamlet is very depressed, Claudius gives hamlet some comforting and fatherly advice here trying to get him out of his deep depression. But what is his true motivation here is he trying to get hamlet as a backer for his new rain, so he is just   lying and manipulating hamlet, or dose he have true and deep feelings for Hamlet and is just trying to help hamlet and was no self-interest in it. I feel right now that   it a bit of both I think   he cares about hamlet but would also like him to support his rise to power.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Next we come to act II, ii,   hamlet has made many strange comments and actions lately, many people think he is going, or has gone insane. Claudius finds two of Hamlets good friends to spy on him and try to find out what wrong with him. At this point we know that Hamlet knows that Claudius killed his father but we don't know whether Claudius knows that hamlet knows or even if he suspects, this cast a strange light on this scene. First if Claudius suspects hamlet knows that he killed his father then we might assume that Claudius is sending these spy to find out for sure if he knows, but if he dose not suspect hamlet then this might be another show of Claudius's affection towards Hamlet. So the same question keeps coming up dose Claudius like Hamlet or is he just using him? At this point it to hard to tell so we must delve deeper in to the

Mitosis Replication of Eukaryotic Cells

Exercise 13MITOSIS: REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS  ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Mitosis and cytokinesis are often referred to collectively as â€Å"cellular division. † Why are they more accurately called cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of two cells (replicates) identical to the parent cell. The genetic material is replicated rather than divided.b. Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and end, but the events continue to repeat.2.a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes during interphase, how many chromosomes does it have during metaphase? During metaphase there are 8 double-stranded chromosomes.b. How many does it have after mitosis is complete? After mitosis (and separation of chromatids) there are 16 chromosomes distributed between two nuclei.3.a. Why would we choose an embryonic mass of cells for procedure 13. 3 in which to study the stages of mitosis? embryonic cells a re replicating and growing rapidlyb. Which stage of mitosis most often is associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? usually late anaphase4.a. What region of a root has the most mitotic activity? meristem, just above capb. Why is pinching of the cytoplasm inadequate for cytokinesis in plant cells? Pinching of cytoplasm is not appropriate for rigid cell walls.c. Locate a plant cell in late telophase. What is the volume of the new cells relative to a mature cell? Each cell is smaller (approximately 1/2) than the parent cell.5.a. Why are the combined data from all the class members more meaningful than your results alone? Combined results reduce random error.b. How accurate were your predictions for length of each stage of mitosis? probably not closec. What sources of error can you list for this technique to determine the time elapsed during each stage of mitosis? ariation in onion roots; student's ability to distinguish stages; microscopic cross sections of roots may or may not pas s through the nuclear materialExercise 14MEIOSIS: REDUCTION DIVISION AND GAMETOGENESIS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why would shuffling genetic material and producing new combinations of characteristics be advantageous to a species? New genetic combinations allow adaptation to changing environments.b. When would it be deleterious? New combinations always produce a percentage of disadvantageous characteristics; the risk of bad gene combinations may be inappropriate in a stable, beneficial environment.2. a.Synapsis occurs after chromosomal DNA has replicated. How many chromatids are involved in crossing-over of a homologous pair of chromosomes?b. Suppose synapsis occurred between two homologous chromosomes, and one had alleles for blue eyes and brown hair and the other had alleles for green eyes and blonde hair. How many different combinations of these alleles would be possible? 4 Remember that crossing-over does not necessarily occur between the loci, so the original combinations may re main intact. 3. a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes when it begins meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have after telophase I? Telophase II? with two chromatids each; 4 with one chromatid eachb. What are the major differences between the events of meiosis and mitosis? (see table 14. 2)c. What are some minor differences, and why do you consider them minor? minor differences would be those unrelated to chromosomal events4. a. During gametogenesis a sperm cell undergoes considerable structural change. What are the basics of sperm structure and how does it relate to function? The basics include small head with nucleus; an acrosomal process with enzymes to digest the outer membranes of the egg; a head and neck rich in mitochondria; and tail used to propel the cell to the egg.b. What is the advantage of producing sperm in a system of tubes rather than in solid tissue? because sperm cells can be expelled easily from the body through a system of tubesc. What is each strand of a double-s tranded chromosome called? chromatid5. How would retaining extra cytoplasm enhance survival of a developing oocyte? More cytoplasm contains more nutrients to ensure survival.6. a. What are the relative sizes of oocytes in a dormant follicle, a growing follicle, and a Graafian follicle? dormant oocyte 1X, growing oocyte 5X, mature oocyte 25Xb. Are polar bodies visible in your prepared slide of a cat ovary? Why or why not? probably not, because cells in the ovary usually have not finished meiosis I, and polar bodies disintegrate rapidly DNA FINGERPRINTING LABRestriction Digestion of DNA Samples Observation QuestionsDescribe the samples of DNA (physical properties). The DNA samples are clear, colorless liquid samples.Is there any observable difference between the samples of DNA? No. All samples appear similar.Describe the appearance of the restriction endonuclease mix. The restriction enzymes appear to be clear, colorless liquids.Restriction Digestion of DNA Samples Review QuestionsBef ore you incubated your samples, describe any visible signs of change in the contents of the tubes containing the DNA combined with the restriction enzymes. DNA + EcoRI/PstI enzyme mix: No visible change apparent in the tubes.Can you see any evidence to indicate that your samples of DNA were fragmented or altered in any way by the addition of EcoRI/PstI? Explain. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes.In the absence of visible evidence of change, is it still possible that the DNA samples were fragmented? Explain your reasoning. Yes. They may be chemically changed but the changes may not be visible. Enzymes may have cut the DNA.After a 24 hour incubation period, are there any visible clues that the restriction enzymes may have in some way changed the DNA in any of the tubes? Explain your reasoning. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes but the enzymes may have cut the DNA. The reactions are at the molecular level and too small to be seen.Electrophoresis of Your DNA Samples Review QuestionsThe electrophoresis apparatus creates an electrical field [positive and negative ends of the gel]. DNA molecules are negatively charged. To which pole of the electrophoresis field would you expect DNA to migrate (+ or -)? Explain. Positive.What color represents the negative pole? Black.After DNA samples are loaded in wells, they are â€Å"forced† to move through the gel matrix. Which size fragment (large vs small) would you expect to move toward the opposite end of the gel most quickly? Explain. Smaller. There is less resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Which fragments are expected to travel the shortest distance [remain closest to the well]? Explain. Larger. There is more resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Lesson 4 Thought QuestionsWhat can you assume is contained within each band? DNA fragments.If this were a fingerprinting gel, then how many kinds (samples) of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One.What wo uld be a logical explanation as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? The DNA must have been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.What probably caused the DNA to become fragmented? The chemical action of the restriction enzymes cutting at specific base sequences.Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease used? Write the lane numbers.Lanes 2, 3, and 4 (CS, S1, and S2).Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? The sample in lane 5 (S3).How many restriction sites were there in lane three? Two sites that cut the sample into two fragments.Which DNA samples appear to have been â€Å"cut† into the same number and size of fragments? Lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2).Based on your analysis of the photograph, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source. If so which ones? Describe the evidence that supports your conclusion.The DN A samples in lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2) are from the same individual because they have identical restrictions sites that yield identical fragments.DNA Fingerprinting: OverviewWhat are we trying to determine? Restate the central question. We are trying to determine if samples of DNA that we were provided with are from the same individual or from different individuals.Which of your DNA samples were fragmented? What would your gel look like if the DNA were not fragmented? The number of fragmented samples will vary. They will have one band on the gel if the DNA was not cut.What caused the DNA to become fragmented? The addition of restriction enzymes.What determines where a restriction endonuclease will â€Å"cut† a DNA molecule? A special sequence of bases on the DNA called restriction sites.A restriction endonuclease â€Å"cuts† two DNA molecules at the same location. What can you assume is identical about the molecules at that location? The restriction sites are identical .Do any of your suspect samples appear to have EcoRI or PstI recognition sites at the same location as the DNA from the crime scene? The samples in lanes 2 and 5 match (CS and S3).Based on the above analysis, do any of the suspect samples of DNA seem to be from the same individual as the DNA from the crime scene? Describe the scientific evidence that supports your conclusion. The CS and S3 samples appear to be identical. They both produce similar banding patterns on the gel.Exercise 23 SURVEY OF BACTERIA: KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND BACTERIA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why is it important that bacteria release nutrients? Nutrients must be released and recycled for use by other living organisms. If nutrients were not released by decomposers, the nutrients would all eventually be locked up in dead, non-decaying tissue.b. What term would best describe heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue? parasitism2. What is the shape and size of each bacterial colony? E. coli—medium rod; B. megaterium—large rod; R. rubrum—small and thin spirillum 3. a. Which type of bacteria is most prevalent in the sample from your teeth? How do you know? probably gram positive because most of the cells are purpleb. Is Bacillus megaterium gram positive or gram negative? gram positive4. a. Where are the bacteria? Are they between cells or inside cells? inside the cellsb. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called mutualism? Both partners benefit from the association.c. How does Rhizobium benefit from this association? nutrients from the hostd. How does the host plant benefit from the association? nitrogen supply from the bacterium5. Based on their appearance, which drugs or chemicals retard the growth of bacteria? depends on the drugs that you use6. Do all cells of a trichome of Oscillatoria appear similar? yes7. a. Do adjacent cells share a common sheath? usuallyb. What do you suppose is the function of the sheath? protectionc. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organisms? Why or why not?No, the cells are not obligate dependents—they can operate independently; the protoplasms of the cells are not connected; the aggregation of cells can be broken into individual cells without killing the cells.8. a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this exercise? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick.b. How would a colony attain this shape? equal divisions in two planesExercise 24Survey of Kingdom Protista: The Algae ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Is the movement of Chlamydomonas smooth or does it appear jerky? relatively smoothb. Can you see both flagella? You may need to reduce the light intensity to see flagella. probably not, depends on student's microscopec. How does methylcellulose affect movement of Chlamydomonas? slows it downd. How does the stigma help Chlamydomonas survive? detects light2. a. Under what environmental conditions would a zygote not u ndergo meiosis immediately? unfavorable conditionsb. Are spores of Chlamydomonas haploid or diploid? haploidc. Which portions of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas are haploid? all portions from meiosis to syngamyd. Which are diploid? all portions from syngamy to meiosis3. a. Are the filaments of Spirogyra branched? nob. What is the shape of the chloroplasts of Spirogyra? spiralc. Can you see any conjugation tubes? If you can't, examine the prepared slides that demonstrate these structures. probably not seen on live material, but easily seen on prepared materiald. How do you think that Spirogyra reproduces asexually? mitosis and fragmentation4. a. How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra. How is it different? They are both filaments, but Cladophora is branched and Spirogyra is unbranched.b. What is the shape of its chloroplasts? broad and dispersed5. a. What is oogamy? ne gamete (sperm) is small and motile, the other gamete (egg) is larger and nonmotileb. What are the tin y spheres inside the larger sphere of Volvox? daughter coloniesc. How do you suppose they get out? Parent colonies turn inside out or rupture.d. How do you think the number of cells in a young Volvox colony compares to the number in a mature colony? less than or equal to the number in the mature colony6.a. How is Fucus' structure different from green algae that you have examined earlier in this exercise? Fucus is larger, more parenchymatous, and flattened.b. Are all portions of the thallus photosynthetic?How can you tell? probably not, due to different concentrations of pigmentsc. Considering where Fucus lives, what do you think is the function of its gelatinous sheath? Since Fucus lives in intertidal regions, the gelatinous sheath probably prevents desiccation.d. Are the swollen structures solid masses or are they empty? essentially empty7.a. Are the gametes of Fucus isogamous or oogamous? oogamousb. How does the structure of tissue surrounding the reproductive structures compare w ith that of green algae? Tissues in brown algae are more complex.8. a. Can you see any pores in the walls of diatoms? robably yesb. Are any of the diatoms moving? possiblyc. If diatoms lack flagella, how do you explain their motility? gliding on a gelatinous secretiond. How would diatomaceous earth compare to sand as a swimming pool filter material? Which would be better and why? Diatomaceous earth would be better because it is finer. How do the shapes of dinoflagellates compare with other unicellular algae that you have observed in this exercise? bizarre and varied What is the function of the eyespot of Euglena? detect lightExercise 25 SURVEY OF KINGDOM PROTISTA: PROTOZOA AND SLIME MOLDS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Can you detect moving cytoplasm in the extending pseudopods of Amoeba? probably yesb. What do you suppose the Amoeba is moving toward or away from? light or foodc. How does the Amoeba respond to nutrient broth? usually increased movementd. Approximately how long would it t ake an Amoeba to move across the field of view on low power? a few minutese. Why is a contractile vacuole of a protozoan often more difficult to see than a food vacuole? A contractile vacuole contains clear excretory fluid, while food vacuoles contain particulate matter.f. Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba? ecause solute concentration in the amoeba is higher than the concentration in the environment and water diffuses into the cell2. How could fossilized forams in different geological layers of rock or sediment indicate the probability of finding oil? Different species are present in different environmental conditions; therefore, a list of species may include those associated with environmental conditions appropriate for oil formation.3. a. How large is a trypanosome relative to an Amoeba? much smallerb. What alga does a trypanosome superficially resemble? Euglena4. a. Are cilia visible on living or prepared Paramecium? probably notb.Does Paramecium rotate as it mo ves? yesc. How does movement of Paramecium compare with that of Amoeba? With a flagellated alga? Paramecium moves much faster than Amoeba, but not as fast as many flagellated species.5. a. Why is the division of Paramecium cells called â€Å"transverse† fission? The plane of separation is transverse to the longitudinal axis.b. Why is transverse fission not a sexual process? it doesn't recombine genesc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? disadvantages: conjugation requires more than one organism and is energy consuming advantage: creation of new genetic combinations6. a. What is the value or function of the rapid contraction stalk of Vorticella? avoid predationb. What is the probable function of the moving cilia of Vorticella? create water currents bringing food particles to the organism7. a. Is cytoplasmic movement of Physarum apparent? probably yesb. Is the movement in a particular direction? probably not, but on moist medium they may app arently move toward foodc. What is a possible function of cytoplasmic movement in Physarum? avoid light, find foodExercise 26 SURVEY OF KINGDOM FUNGI: MOLDS, SAC FUNGI, MUSHROOMS, AND LICHENS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Are hyphae present? ob. Are the cells motile? yes2. a. How many species of mold are on the bread? 2, 3, or 4b. Do any of the molds on the bread have hyphae modified as sporangiophores and sporangia? probably yesc. Is pigment distributed uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, pigment is usually concentrated in sporangia.d. What is the adaptive significance of spores forming on ends of upright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? to enhance distribution of released spores3. a. In what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? sporangiab.Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes (if students are provided with cultures with two strai ns); because sporangia as well as zygospores are visible.4. What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared to Rhizopus hyphae? Penicillium hyphae are much smaller than Rhizopus hyphae.5. a. Do you see chains of yeast cells produced by budding? probably yesb. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are greatly reduced to a chain of one or two cells, while molds are very long and multicellular. 6. What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? Dikaryotic cells have two distinct nuclei, each with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes; a diploid cell has one nucleus with a diploid (double set of chromosomes).7. How many spores would you estimate are present on the gills of a single cap of Coprinus? Remember that a prepared slide shows only a cross section. many, many thousands8. a. What is the value of photosynthetic algae to the growth of a fungus in a lichen? Algae conduct photosynthesis and produce an energy rich carbon source, (i. e. , glucose).b. Would you expect lichens to grow best in rural or urban environments? Why? best in rural environments because they are so sensitive to air pollutionExercise 27 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: LIVERWORTS, MOSSES, AND HORNWORTS OF PHYLA HEPATICOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. What are the functions of rhizoids? anchorage, possibly absorption2. What is the function of these pores? gas exchange3. How do the positions of the archegonium and antheridium relate to their reproductive function? Antheridia need to disperse sperm and are upright with pores on top of the antheridial disk; archegonia are protected under the surface of the archegonial disk.4. a. What is the function of the foot? nutrient transport from gametophyte to sporophyteb. Are spores haploid or diploid? haploidc. What is the functional significance of the response of elaters to moisture? dispersal of spores5. a. How many cells thick is the leaflet? one or twob. Is there a midrib? Vein? yesc. Are stomata or pores visible on the leaf surface? probably notd. How does the symmetry of a moss gametophyte compare with that of a liverwort gametophyte? Mosses are radially symmetrical and liverworts are bilaterally symmetrical. 6. a. How many times its own weight did the moss absorb? or more timesb. How does this compare with the paper towel? much greaterc. Why is Sphagnum often used in shipping items that must be kept moist? because it holds water so well7. Where is the egg located in the archegonium? egg is enlarged cell at base of neck8. Are sperm haploid or diploid? haploid9. Is the sporophyte more prominent in mosses or liverworts? mosses10. What is the adaptive significance of the seta of the sporophyte growing well above the mat of the gametophyte? better dispersal11. a. What process produces spores? meiosisb. Is the capsule haploid or diploid? diploid12. Can you think of any evolutionary implications of the similarity between a moss protonema and a filamentous green alga? both have similar form and live in similar habitat, which suggests that selective pressures for developing these structures may have been similarExercise 28 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OF PHYLA PTEROPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, AND SPHENOPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Which parts of the life cycle are haploid? gametophyteb. Which are diploid? sporophyte2.a. How many veins are present in each frond? usually 1 large veinb. What tissues compose a vein? ylem and phloemc. What is the function of the stalk? The blade? The pinnae? stalk—support; blade and pinnae—photosynthesis3.a. What is the function of an annulus? breaking point for opening sporangiumb. Are any spores in the sporangium? probably so4.a. Did the application of acetone cause the spores of the fern to disperse? probably yesb. How is the mechanism for spore dispersal in ferns similar to that of bryophytes? Moisture causes changes in cell (elater or annulus) shap e to release spores.5.a. Is the prothallium haploid or diploid? haploidb. Is the prothallium sporophyte or gametophyte? gametophyte6. a.What is the adaptive significance of having these structures on the lower surface of the prothallium rather than on the upper surface? protection from desiccationb. What is the adaptive significance of having sperm and egg produced at different times? discourages inbreeding7. How do Salvinia and Azolla differ from other ferns you've examined earlier? smaller, aquatic8. a. What type of branching characterizes Psilotum? dichotomousb. Are any roots present? noc. Are any leaves present? nod. Where are the sporangia? at end of short lateral branchese. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum? stem9.a. Where are the leaves? n rings along stemb. What part of the plant is photosynthetic? stemc. Which part of the life cycle of Equisetum is dominant, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte10.a. How does strobili formation in Equisetum compare with Lycopo dium and Selaginella? sporangia of Lycopodium and Selaginella are on microphyllsb. How do elaters aid in the dispersal of spores? moves spores11. a. How could a rhizome be involved in asexual reproduction? produces new growth, which could be separated from parent plant (e. g. , via fragmentation), thereby resulting in a new individualb. How is a rhizome different from a rhizoid? hizome is underground stem; rhizoid is small, rootlike structurec. Does the rhizome have leaves? depends on specimen, but probably yesd. What is the shape and size of the leaves? thin, elongate, arranged in spiralse. What is the significance of this form of the leaves? intercept light for photosynthesisf. Is a midvein visible? yes g. What does the word â€Å"evergreen† mean? does not lose all of its leaves seasonallyh. Is â€Å"evergreenness† a good characteristic for classifying plants? Why or why not? No, unrelated plants are evergreen.12. a. How many sporangia occur on each sporophyll of Lyc opodium? oneb.Can you see why spores of Lycopodium are sometimes called â€Å"vegetable sulfur†? yesc. Why are the spores a good, dry lubricant? powdery; certain species produce some oild. Which is the dominant part of the Lycopodium life cycle, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte13. a. Are spores of Selaginella similar in size? nob. What is this condition called? heterosporousc. What is the functional significance of the difference in the appearance of dehydrated and rehydrated Selaginella? water conservation and survival during droughtd. Can you see why these plants are sometimes referred to as â€Å"resurrection plants†? yes Mitosis Replication of Eukaryotic Cells Exercise 13MITOSIS: REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS  ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Mitosis and cytokinesis are often referred to collectively as â€Å"cellular division. † Why are they more accurately called cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of two cells (replicates) identical to the parent cell. The genetic material is replicated rather than divided.b. Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and end, but the events continue to repeat.2.a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes during interphase, how many chromosomes does it have during metaphase? During metaphase there are 8 double-stranded chromosomes.b. How many does it have after mitosis is complete? After mitosis (and separation of chromatids) there are 16 chromosomes distributed between two nuclei.3.a. Why would we choose an embryonic mass of cells for procedure 13. 3 in which to study the stages of mitosis? embryonic cells a re replicating and growing rapidlyb. Which stage of mitosis most often is associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? usually late anaphase4.a. What region of a root has the most mitotic activity? meristem, just above capb. Why is pinching of the cytoplasm inadequate for cytokinesis in plant cells? Pinching of cytoplasm is not appropriate for rigid cell walls.c. Locate a plant cell in late telophase. What is the volume of the new cells relative to a mature cell? Each cell is smaller (approximately 1/2) than the parent cell.5.a. Why are the combined data from all the class members more meaningful than your results alone? Combined results reduce random error.b. How accurate were your predictions for length of each stage of mitosis? probably not closec. What sources of error can you list for this technique to determine the time elapsed during each stage of mitosis? ariation in onion roots; student's ability to distinguish stages; microscopic cross sections of roots may or may not pas s through the nuclear materialExercise 14MEIOSIS: REDUCTION DIVISION AND GAMETOGENESIS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why would shuffling genetic material and producing new combinations of characteristics be advantageous to a species? New genetic combinations allow adaptation to changing environments.b. When would it be deleterious? New combinations always produce a percentage of disadvantageous characteristics; the risk of bad gene combinations may be inappropriate in a stable, beneficial environment.2. a.Synapsis occurs after chromosomal DNA has replicated. How many chromatids are involved in crossing-over of a homologous pair of chromosomes?b. Suppose synapsis occurred between two homologous chromosomes, and one had alleles for blue eyes and brown hair and the other had alleles for green eyes and blonde hair. How many different combinations of these alleles would be possible? 4 Remember that crossing-over does not necessarily occur between the loci, so the original combinations may re main intact. 3. a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes when it begins meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have after telophase I? Telophase II? with two chromatids each; 4 with one chromatid eachb. What are the major differences between the events of meiosis and mitosis? (see table 14. 2)c. What are some minor differences, and why do you consider them minor? minor differences would be those unrelated to chromosomal events4. a. During gametogenesis a sperm cell undergoes considerable structural change. What are the basics of sperm structure and how does it relate to function? The basics include small head with nucleus; an acrosomal process with enzymes to digest the outer membranes of the egg; a head and neck rich in mitochondria; and tail used to propel the cell to the egg.b. What is the advantage of producing sperm in a system of tubes rather than in solid tissue? because sperm cells can be expelled easily from the body through a system of tubesc. What is each strand of a double-s tranded chromosome called? chromatid5. How would retaining extra cytoplasm enhance survival of a developing oocyte? More cytoplasm contains more nutrients to ensure survival.6. a. What are the relative sizes of oocytes in a dormant follicle, a growing follicle, and a Graafian follicle? dormant oocyte 1X, growing oocyte 5X, mature oocyte 25Xb. Are polar bodies visible in your prepared slide of a cat ovary? Why or why not? probably not, because cells in the ovary usually have not finished meiosis I, and polar bodies disintegrate rapidly DNA FINGERPRINTING LABRestriction Digestion of DNA Samples Observation QuestionsDescribe the samples of DNA (physical properties). The DNA samples are clear, colorless liquid samples.Is there any observable difference between the samples of DNA? No. All samples appear similar.Describe the appearance of the restriction endonuclease mix. The restriction enzymes appear to be clear, colorless liquids.Restriction Digestion of DNA Samples Review QuestionsBef ore you incubated your samples, describe any visible signs of change in the contents of the tubes containing the DNA combined with the restriction enzymes. DNA + EcoRI/PstI enzyme mix: No visible change apparent in the tubes.Can you see any evidence to indicate that your samples of DNA were fragmented or altered in any way by the addition of EcoRI/PstI? Explain. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes.In the absence of visible evidence of change, is it still possible that the DNA samples were fragmented? Explain your reasoning. Yes. They may be chemically changed but the changes may not be visible. Enzymes may have cut the DNA.After a 24 hour incubation period, are there any visible clues that the restriction enzymes may have in some way changed the DNA in any of the tubes? Explain your reasoning. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes but the enzymes may have cut the DNA. The reactions are at the molecular level and too small to be seen.Electrophoresis of Your DNA Samples Review QuestionsThe electrophoresis apparatus creates an electrical field [positive and negative ends of the gel]. DNA molecules are negatively charged. To which pole of the electrophoresis field would you expect DNA to migrate (+ or -)? Explain. Positive.What color represents the negative pole? Black.After DNA samples are loaded in wells, they are â€Å"forced† to move through the gel matrix. Which size fragment (large vs small) would you expect to move toward the opposite end of the gel most quickly? Explain. Smaller. There is less resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Which fragments are expected to travel the shortest distance [remain closest to the well]? Explain. Larger. There is more resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Lesson 4 Thought QuestionsWhat can you assume is contained within each band? DNA fragments.If this were a fingerprinting gel, then how many kinds (samples) of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One.What wo uld be a logical explanation as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? The DNA must have been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.What probably caused the DNA to become fragmented? The chemical action of the restriction enzymes cutting at specific base sequences.Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease used? Write the lane numbers.Lanes 2, 3, and 4 (CS, S1, and S2).Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? The sample in lane 5 (S3).How many restriction sites were there in lane three? Two sites that cut the sample into two fragments.Which DNA samples appear to have been â€Å"cut† into the same number and size of fragments? Lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2).Based on your analysis of the photograph, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source. If so which ones? Describe the evidence that supports your conclusion.The DN A samples in lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2) are from the same individual because they have identical restrictions sites that yield identical fragments.DNA Fingerprinting: OverviewWhat are we trying to determine? Restate the central question. We are trying to determine if samples of DNA that we were provided with are from the same individual or from different individuals.Which of your DNA samples were fragmented? What would your gel look like if the DNA were not fragmented? The number of fragmented samples will vary. They will have one band on the gel if the DNA was not cut.What caused the DNA to become fragmented? The addition of restriction enzymes.What determines where a restriction endonuclease will â€Å"cut† a DNA molecule? A special sequence of bases on the DNA called restriction sites.A restriction endonuclease â€Å"cuts† two DNA molecules at the same location. What can you assume is identical about the molecules at that location? The restriction sites are identical .Do any of your suspect samples appear to have EcoRI or PstI recognition sites at the same location as the DNA from the crime scene? The samples in lanes 2 and 5 match (CS and S3).Based on the above analysis, do any of the suspect samples of DNA seem to be from the same individual as the DNA from the crime scene? Describe the scientific evidence that supports your conclusion. The CS and S3 samples appear to be identical. They both produce similar banding patterns on the gel.Exercise 23 SURVEY OF BACTERIA: KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND BACTERIA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why is it important that bacteria release nutrients? Nutrients must be released and recycled for use by other living organisms. If nutrients were not released by decomposers, the nutrients would all eventually be locked up in dead, non-decaying tissue.b. What term would best describe heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue? parasitism2. What is the shape and size of each bacterial colony? E. coli—medium rod; B. megaterium—large rod; R. rubrum—small and thin spirillum 3. a. Which type of bacteria is most prevalent in the sample from your teeth? How do you know? probably gram positive because most of the cells are purpleb. Is Bacillus megaterium gram positive or gram negative? gram positive4. a. Where are the bacteria? Are they between cells or inside cells? inside the cellsb. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called mutualism? Both partners benefit from the association.c. How does Rhizobium benefit from this association? nutrients from the hostd. How does the host plant benefit from the association? nitrogen supply from the bacterium5. Based on their appearance, which drugs or chemicals retard the growth of bacteria? depends on the drugs that you use6. Do all cells of a trichome of Oscillatoria appear similar? yes7. a. Do adjacent cells share a common sheath? usuallyb. What do you suppose is the function of the sheath? protectionc. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organisms? Why or why not?No, the cells are not obligate dependents—they can operate independently; the protoplasms of the cells are not connected; the aggregation of cells can be broken into individual cells without killing the cells.8. a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this exercise? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick.b. How would a colony attain this shape? equal divisions in two planesExercise 24Survey of Kingdom Protista: The Algae ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Is the movement of Chlamydomonas smooth or does it appear jerky? relatively smoothb. Can you see both flagella? You may need to reduce the light intensity to see flagella. probably not, depends on student's microscopec. How does methylcellulose affect movement of Chlamydomonas? slows it downd. How does the stigma help Chlamydomonas survive? detects light2. a. Under what environmental conditions would a zygote not u ndergo meiosis immediately? unfavorable conditionsb. Are spores of Chlamydomonas haploid or diploid? haploidc. Which portions of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas are haploid? all portions from meiosis to syngamyd. Which are diploid? all portions from syngamy to meiosis3. a. Are the filaments of Spirogyra branched? nob. What is the shape of the chloroplasts of Spirogyra? spiralc. Can you see any conjugation tubes? If you can't, examine the prepared slides that demonstrate these structures. probably not seen on live material, but easily seen on prepared materiald. How do you think that Spirogyra reproduces asexually? mitosis and fragmentation4. a. How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra. How is it different? They are both filaments, but Cladophora is branched and Spirogyra is unbranched.b. What is the shape of its chloroplasts? broad and dispersed5. a. What is oogamy? ne gamete (sperm) is small and motile, the other gamete (egg) is larger and nonmotileb. What are the tin y spheres inside the larger sphere of Volvox? daughter coloniesc. How do you suppose they get out? Parent colonies turn inside out or rupture.d. How do you think the number of cells in a young Volvox colony compares to the number in a mature colony? less than or equal to the number in the mature colony6.a. How is Fucus' structure different from green algae that you have examined earlier in this exercise? Fucus is larger, more parenchymatous, and flattened.b. Are all portions of the thallus photosynthetic?How can you tell? probably not, due to different concentrations of pigmentsc. Considering where Fucus lives, what do you think is the function of its gelatinous sheath? Since Fucus lives in intertidal regions, the gelatinous sheath probably prevents desiccation.d. Are the swollen structures solid masses or are they empty? essentially empty7.a. Are the gametes of Fucus isogamous or oogamous? oogamousb. How does the structure of tissue surrounding the reproductive structures compare w ith that of green algae? Tissues in brown algae are more complex.8. a. Can you see any pores in the walls of diatoms? robably yesb. Are any of the diatoms moving? possiblyc. If diatoms lack flagella, how do you explain their motility? gliding on a gelatinous secretiond. How would diatomaceous earth compare to sand as a swimming pool filter material? Which would be better and why? Diatomaceous earth would be better because it is finer. How do the shapes of dinoflagellates compare with other unicellular algae that you have observed in this exercise? bizarre and varied What is the function of the eyespot of Euglena? detect lightExercise 25 SURVEY OF KINGDOM PROTISTA: PROTOZOA AND SLIME MOLDS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Can you detect moving cytoplasm in the extending pseudopods of Amoeba? probably yesb. What do you suppose the Amoeba is moving toward or away from? light or foodc. How does the Amoeba respond to nutrient broth? usually increased movementd. Approximately how long would it t ake an Amoeba to move across the field of view on low power? a few minutese. Why is a contractile vacuole of a protozoan often more difficult to see than a food vacuole? A contractile vacuole contains clear excretory fluid, while food vacuoles contain particulate matter.f. Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba? ecause solute concentration in the amoeba is higher than the concentration in the environment and water diffuses into the cell2. How could fossilized forams in different geological layers of rock or sediment indicate the probability of finding oil? Different species are present in different environmental conditions; therefore, a list of species may include those associated with environmental conditions appropriate for oil formation.3. a. How large is a trypanosome relative to an Amoeba? much smallerb. What alga does a trypanosome superficially resemble? Euglena4. a. Are cilia visible on living or prepared Paramecium? probably notb.Does Paramecium rotate as it mo ves? yesc. How does movement of Paramecium compare with that of Amoeba? With a flagellated alga? Paramecium moves much faster than Amoeba, but not as fast as many flagellated species.5. a. Why is the division of Paramecium cells called â€Å"transverse† fission? The plane of separation is transverse to the longitudinal axis.b. Why is transverse fission not a sexual process? it doesn't recombine genesc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? disadvantages: conjugation requires more than one organism and is energy consuming advantage: creation of new genetic combinations6. a. What is the value or function of the rapid contraction stalk of Vorticella? avoid predationb. What is the probable function of the moving cilia of Vorticella? create water currents bringing food particles to the organism7. a. Is cytoplasmic movement of Physarum apparent? probably yesb. Is the movement in a particular direction? probably not, but on moist medium they may app arently move toward foodc. What is a possible function of cytoplasmic movement in Physarum? avoid light, find foodExercise 26 SURVEY OF KINGDOM FUNGI: MOLDS, SAC FUNGI, MUSHROOMS, AND LICHENS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Are hyphae present? ob. Are the cells motile? yes2. a. How many species of mold are on the bread? 2, 3, or 4b. Do any of the molds on the bread have hyphae modified as sporangiophores and sporangia? probably yesc. Is pigment distributed uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, pigment is usually concentrated in sporangia.d. What is the adaptive significance of spores forming on ends of upright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? to enhance distribution of released spores3. a. In what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? sporangiab.Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes (if students are provided with cultures with two strai ns); because sporangia as well as zygospores are visible.4. What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared to Rhizopus hyphae? Penicillium hyphae are much smaller than Rhizopus hyphae.5. a. Do you see chains of yeast cells produced by budding? probably yesb. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are greatly reduced to a chain of one or two cells, while molds are very long and multicellular. 6. What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? Dikaryotic cells have two distinct nuclei, each with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes; a diploid cell has one nucleus with a diploid (double set of chromosomes).7. How many spores would you estimate are present on the gills of a single cap of Coprinus? Remember that a prepared slide shows only a cross section. many, many thousands8. a. What is the value of photosynthetic algae to the growth of a fungus in a lichen? Algae conduct photosynthesis and produce an energy rich carbon source, (i. e. , glucose).b. Would you expect lichens to grow best in rural or urban environments? Why? best in rural environments because they are so sensitive to air pollutionExercise 27 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: LIVERWORTS, MOSSES, AND HORNWORTS OF PHYLA HEPATICOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. What are the functions of rhizoids? anchorage, possibly absorption2. What is the function of these pores? gas exchange3. How do the positions of the archegonium and antheridium relate to their reproductive function? Antheridia need to disperse sperm and are upright with pores on top of the antheridial disk; archegonia are protected under the surface of the archegonial disk.4. a. What is the function of the foot? nutrient transport from gametophyte to sporophyteb. Are spores haploid or diploid? haploidc. What is the functional significance of the response of elaters to moisture? dispersal of spores5. a. How many cells thick is the leaflet? one or twob. Is there a midrib? Vein? yesc. Are stomata or pores visible on the leaf surface? probably notd. How does the symmetry of a moss gametophyte compare with that of a liverwort gametophyte? Mosses are radially symmetrical and liverworts are bilaterally symmetrical. 6. a. How many times its own weight did the moss absorb? or more timesb. How does this compare with the paper towel? much greaterc. Why is Sphagnum often used in shipping items that must be kept moist? because it holds water so well7. Where is the egg located in the archegonium? egg is enlarged cell at base of neck8. Are sperm haploid or diploid? haploid9. Is the sporophyte more prominent in mosses or liverworts? mosses10. What is the adaptive significance of the seta of the sporophyte growing well above the mat of the gametophyte? better dispersal11. a. What process produces spores? meiosisb. Is the capsule haploid or diploid? diploid12. Can you think of any evolutionary implications of the similarity between a moss protonema and a filamentous green alga? both have similar form and live in similar habitat, which suggests that selective pressures for developing these structures may have been similarExercise 28 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OF PHYLA PTEROPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, AND SPHENOPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Which parts of the life cycle are haploid? gametophyteb. Which are diploid? sporophyte2.a. How many veins are present in each frond? usually 1 large veinb. What tissues compose a vein? ylem and phloemc. What is the function of the stalk? The blade? The pinnae? stalk—support; blade and pinnae—photosynthesis3.a. What is the function of an annulus? breaking point for opening sporangiumb. Are any spores in the sporangium? probably so4.a. Did the application of acetone cause the spores of the fern to disperse? probably yesb. How is the mechanism for spore dispersal in ferns similar to that of bryophytes? Moisture causes changes in cell (elater or annulus) shap e to release spores.5.a. Is the prothallium haploid or diploid? haploidb. Is the prothallium sporophyte or gametophyte? gametophyte6. a.What is the adaptive significance of having these structures on the lower surface of the prothallium rather than on the upper surface? protection from desiccationb. What is the adaptive significance of having sperm and egg produced at different times? discourages inbreeding7. How do Salvinia and Azolla differ from other ferns you've examined earlier? smaller, aquatic8. a. What type of branching characterizes Psilotum? dichotomousb. Are any roots present? noc. Are any leaves present? nod. Where are the sporangia? at end of short lateral branchese. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum? stem9.a. Where are the leaves? n rings along stemb. What part of the plant is photosynthetic? stemc. Which part of the life cycle of Equisetum is dominant, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte10.a. How does strobili formation in Equisetum compare with Lycopo dium and Selaginella? sporangia of Lycopodium and Selaginella are on microphyllsb. How do elaters aid in the dispersal of spores? moves spores11. a. How could a rhizome be involved in asexual reproduction? produces new growth, which could be separated from parent plant (e. g. , via fragmentation), thereby resulting in a new individualb. How is a rhizome different from a rhizoid? hizome is underground stem; rhizoid is small, rootlike structurec. Does the rhizome have leaves? depends on specimen, but probably yesd. What is the shape and size of the leaves? thin, elongate, arranged in spiralse. What is the significance of this form of the leaves? intercept light for photosynthesisf. Is a midvein visible? yes g. What does the word â€Å"evergreen† mean? does not lose all of its leaves seasonallyh. Is â€Å"evergreenness† a good characteristic for classifying plants? Why or why not? No, unrelated plants are evergreen.12. a. How many sporangia occur on each sporophyll of Lyc opodium? oneb.Can you see why spores of Lycopodium are sometimes called â€Å"vegetable sulfur†? yesc. Why are the spores a good, dry lubricant? powdery; certain species produce some oild. Which is the dominant part of the Lycopodium life cycle, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte13. a. Are spores of Selaginella similar in size? nob. What is this condition called? heterosporousc. What is the functional significance of the difference in the appearance of dehydrated and rehydrated Selaginella? water conservation and survival during droughtd. Can you see why these plants are sometimes referred to as â€Å"resurrection plants†? yes

Succubus Revealed Chapter 1

This wasn't the first time I'd worn a foil dress. It was, however, the first time I'd done so in a family-friendly setting. â€Å"Vixen!† Santa's voice rang out above the mall crowd, and I hurried away from where I'd been corralling a group of Burberryclad kids. It wasn't actually Santa Claus calling me, of course. The man sitting in the holly-and-light-bedecked gazebo was named Walter something-or-other, but he asked that those of us working as his â€Å"elves† refer to him as Santa at all times. Conversely, he had christened all of us with either reindeer or Seven Dwarves names. He took this job very seriously and said the names helped him stay in character. If we questioned that, he'd start regaling us with tales of his extensive career as a Shakespearean actor, one that he claimed had come to an end because of his age. We elves had our own ideas about what might have cut his career short. â€Å"Santa needs another drink,† he told me in a stage whisper, once I reached his side. â€Å"Grumpy won't get me one.† He inclined his head toward another woman dressed in a green foil dress. She was holding back a squirming boy while Santa and I conducted our conversation. I met her pained expression and then glanced down at my watch. â€Å"Well, Santa,† I said, â€Å"that's because it's only been an hour since the last one. You know the deal: one shot in your coffee every three hours.† â€Å"We made that deal a week ago!† he hissed. â€Å"Before the crowds picked up. You have no idea what Santa endures.† I didn't know if it was part of his acting method or just a personality quirk, but he also referred to himself in the third person a lot. â€Å"A girl just asked for SAT scores good enough to get her into Yale. I think she was nine.† I spared him a moment's sympathy. The mall where we were earning holiday pay was in one of Seattle's more affluent suburbs, and the requests he got sometimes went beyond footballs and ponies. The kids also tended to be better dressed than me (when I wasn't in elf-wear), which was no small feat. â€Å"Sorry,† I said. Tradition or not, I sometimes thought putting children on an old guy's lap was already creepy enough. We didn't need to mix alcohol into it. â€Å"The deal stands.† â€Å"Santa can't take much more of this!† â€Å"Santa's got four hours left of his shift,† I pointed out. â€Å"I wish Comet was still here,† he said petulantly. â€Å"She was much more lenient with the drinks.† â€Å"Yes. And I'm sure she's drinking alone right now, seeing as she's unemployed.† Comet, a former elf, had been generous with Santa's shots and also partaken of them herself. Since she was half his weight, though, she hadn't held her liquor as well and had lost her job when mall officials caught her taking off her clothes in The Sharper Image. I gave a curt nod to Grumpy. â€Å"Go ahead.† The little boy hurried forward and climbed onto Santa's lap. To his credit, Santa switched into character and didn't pester me (or the boy) further about a drink. â€Å"Ho ho ho! What would you like for this nondenominational winter holiday season?† He even affected a slight British accent, which wasn't really necessary for the role but certainly made him seem more authoritative. The boy regarded Santa solemnly. â€Å"I want my dad to move back home.† â€Å"Is that your father?† asked Santa, looking toward a couple standing near Grumpy. The woman was pretty and blond, with the look of someone in her thirties who'd been preemptively hitting the Botox. If the guy she was plastered all over was old enough to be out of college, I would have been very surprised. â€Å"No,† said the boy. â€Å"That's my mom and her friend Roger.† Santa was silent for a few moments. â€Å"Is there anything else you'd like?† I left them to it and returned to my post near the line's start. Evening was wearing on, increasing the number of families turning out. Unlike Santa's, my shift ended in less than an hour. I could get in a little shopping time and miss the worst of the commuting traffic. As an official mall employee, I got a considerable discount, which made drunken Santas and foil dresses that much easier to bear. One of the greatest things about the happiest time of the year was that all the department stores had extensive cosmetics and fragrance gift sets out right now, gift sets that desperately needed a home in my bathroom. â€Å"Georgina?† My dreams of sugarplums and Christian Dior were interrupted by the sound of a familiar voice. I turned and felt my heart sink as I met the eyes of a pretty middle-aged woman with cropped hair. â€Å"Janice, hey. How's it going?† My former co-worker returned my stiff smile with a puzzled one. â€Å"Fine. I . . . I didn't expect to see you here.† I also hadn't expected to be seen here. It was one of the reasons I'd chosen to work outside the city, to specifically avoid anyone from my old job. â€Å"Likewise. Don't you live in Northgate?† I tried not to make it sound like an accusation. She nodded and rested her hand on the shoulder of a small, dark-haired girl. â€Å"We do, but my sister lives over here, and we thought we'd visit her after Alicia talks to Santa.† â€Å"I see,† I said, feeling mortified. Wonderful. Janice was going to go back to Emerald City Books and Cafe and tell everyone that she'd spotted me dressed as an elf. Not that that could make things worse, I supposed. Everyone there already thought I was the Whore of Babylon. It was why I'd quit a few weeks ago. What was an elf dress on top of that? â€Å"Is this Santa any good?† asked Alicia impatiently. â€Å"The one I saw last year didn't get me what I wanted.† Over the buzzing of the crowd, I just barely heard Santa saying, â€Å"Well, Jessica, there's not much Santa can do about interest rates.† I turned back to Alicia. â€Å"It kind of depends on what you want,† I said. â€Å"How did you end up here?† asked Janice, with a small frown. She actually sounded concerned, which I supposed was better than her gloating. I had a feeling there were a number of people at the bookstore who would have loved the idea of me suffering – not that this job was so bad. â€Å"Well, this is just temporary, obviously,† I explained. â€Å"It gives me something to do while I interview for others, and I get a mall discount. And really, it's just another form of customer service.† I was trying hard not to sound defensive or desperate, but with each word, the intensity of how much I missed my old job hit me more and more. â€Å"Oh, good,† she said, looking slightly relieved. â€Å"I'm sure you'll find something soon. Looks like the line's moving.† â€Å"Wait, Janice?† I caught hold of her arm before she could walk away. â€Å"How . . . how's Doug?† I'd left behind a lot of things at Emerald City: a position of power, a warm atmosphere, unlimited books and coffee . . . But as much as I missed all of those things, I didn't miss them as much as I missed a single person: my friend Doug Sato. He, more than anything, was what had spurred me to leave. I hadn't been able to handle working with him anymore. It had been terrible, seeing someone I care about so much regard me with such contempt and disappointment. I'd had to get away from that and felt I'd made the right choice, but it was still hard losing someone who'd been a part of my life for the last five years. Janice's smile returned. Doug had that effect on people. â€Å"Oh, you know. He's Doug. The same, wacky Doug. Band's going strong. And I think he might get your job. Er, your old job. They're interviewing for it.† Her smile faded, as though she suddenly realized that might cause me discomfort. It didn't. Not much. â€Å"That's great,† I said. â€Å"I'm happy for him.† She nodded and told me good-bye before hurrying forward in line. Behind her, a family of four paused in their frantic texting on identical cell phones to glare at me for the holdup. A moment later, they hunched back down again, no doubt telling all their Twitter friends about every inane detail of their holiday mall experience. I put on a cheery smile that didn't reflect what I felt inside and continued helping with the line until Sneezy, my replacement, showed up. I got him up to speed on Santa's drinking schedule and then abandoned the holiday nexus for the mall's back offices. Once inside a bathroom, I shape-shifted out of the foil dress, trading it for a much more tasteful sweater and jeans combo. I even made the sweater blue so that there would be no confusion. I was off the holiday clock. Of course, as I walked back through the mall, I couldn't help but notice I was never off the clock for my main job: being a succubus in the illustrious service of Hell. Centuries of corruption and seduction of souls had given me a sixth sense for spotting those most vulnerable to my charms. The holidays, while ostensibly being a time of cheer, also tended to bring out the worst in people. I could spot the desperation everywhere – those hoping to frantically find the perfect gifts to win over the ones they loved, those dissatisfied with their ability to provide for their loved ones, those dragged along on shopping trips to create a â€Å"perfect† holiday experience they had no interest in. . . . Yes, it was everywhere if you knew how to look for it: that sorrow and frustration tucked in amongst the joy. Those were exactly the kinds of souls that were ripe for the taking. I could have picked off any number of guys if I wanted to tonight and taken care of my quota for the week. My brief exchange with Janice had left me feeling strange, however, and I couldn't muster the energy to go strike up a conversation with some discontent suburban businessman. Instead, I consoled myself with impulse purchases for myself and even found a couple of much-needed gifts for others, proving that I wasn't totally and completely selfish. By the time I left, I felt confident traffic had died down and would give me an easy drive back to the city. As I walked past the center of the mall, I heard Santa ho-ho-ho-ing loudly while waving his arms energetically around, much to the terror of a small child on his lap. My guess was that someone had cracked and broken the drinking rule. On the way home, I noticed I had three voice mail messages, all from my friend Peter. Before I could even attempt to listen to them, the phone rang. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Where are you?† Peter's frantic voice filled up the small space of my Passat. â€Å"In my car. Where are you?† â€Å"At my apartment. Where else? Everyone's here!† â€Å"Everyone? What are you talking about?† â€Å"Did you forget? Damn it, Georgina. You were a lot more punctual when you were unhappy and single.† I ignored the jab and scanned through my mental calendar. Peter was one of my best friends. He was also a neurotic, obsessive compulsive vampire who loved hosting dinners and parties. He usually managed to throw something together at least once a week, never for the same reason, so it was easy to lose track. â€Å"It's fondue night,† I said at last, proud of myself for remembering. â€Å"Yes! And the cheese is getting cold. I'm not made of Sterno, you know.† â€Å"Why didn't you just start eating?† â€Å"Because we're civilized.† â€Å"Debatable.† I pondered whether I wanted to go or not. Part of me really just wanted to get home and snuggle with Seth, but I had a feeling he'd be working. I likely couldn't expect snuggling for a while, whereas I could appease Peter right now. â€Å"Fine. Start without me, and I'll be there soon. I'm just getting off the bridge now.† Wistfully, I drove past Seth's exit and instead set my sights on the one that would take me to Peter's place. â€Å"Did you remember to bring wine?† he asked. â€Å"Peter, until a minute ago, I didn't even remember I was supposed to be at your place. Do you really need wine?† I'd seen Peter's wine cabinet. On any given day, he had a dozen each of reds and whites, both domestic and international. â€Å"I don't want to run out of the good stuff,† he said. â€Å"I seriously doubt you're going to – wait. Is Carter there?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Okay. I'll pick up some wine.† I showed up at his apartment ten minutes later. His roommate and apprentice, Cody, opened the door and gave me a broad, fang-filled smile. Light, music, and the scent of fondue and potpourri washed over me. Their home put Santa's gazebo to shame and had decorations filling every square inch. And not just Christmas ones. â€Å"Since when do you guys have a menorah?† I asked Cody. â€Å"Neither of you are Jewish.† â€Å"Well, we're not Christian either,† he pointed out, leading me toward the dining room. â€Å"Peter wanted to take a multicultural slant this year. The guestroom is all done in Kwanza decorations, if you know someone looking for a truly tacky overnight experience.† â€Å"It is not tacky!† Peter stood up from a table where our other immortal friends sat around two tubs of melted cheese. â€Å"I can't believe you're so insensitive to other people's religious views. Jesus Christ! Is that boxed wine?† â€Å"You said you wanted wine,† I reminded him. â€Å"I wanted good wine. Please tell me it's not blush.† â€Å"Of course it's blush. And you didn't tell me to bring good wine. You said you were worried Carter would drink all your good wine. So I brought this for him instead. Your wine is safe.† At the mention of his name, the only heavenly creature in the room looked up. â€Å"Sweet,† he said, accepting the box from me. â€Å"Santa's little helper delivers.† He opened up the box's dispenser and looked at Peter expectantly. â€Å"Do you have a straw?† I sat in an empty seat beside my boss, Jerome, who was contentedly dipping a piece of bread in molten cheddar. He was the archdemon of all of Seattle and chose to walk the earth looking like a circa 1990 John Cusack, which made it easy to forget his true nature sometimes. Fortunately, his brimstone personality always came out the instant he opened his mouth. â€Å"You're here less than a minute, Georgie, and already you've made this get-together fifty percent less classy.† â€Å"You guys are eating fondue on a Tuesday night,† I retorted. â€Å"You were well on your way without me.† Peter had settled himself back down and was trying to appear calm. â€Å"Fondue is very classy. It's all in the presentation. Hey! Where'd you get that?† Carter had set the wine box on his lap, dispenser on top, and was now drinking from it with an enormous straw that I suspected had been literally conjured from thin air. â€Å"At least he's not doing that with a bottle of Pinot Noir,† I told Peter good-naturedly. I helped myself to a fondue fork and speared a piece of apple. On the other side of Jerome, Hugh busily typed away on his phone's keyboard, reminding me of the family at the mall. â€Å"Telling the world about this lowbrow party?† I teased. Hugh was an imp, a type of hellish administrative assistant, so he could have actually been buying or selling souls via his phone for all I knew. â€Å"Of course,† said Hugh, not looking up. â€Å"I'm updating Facebook. Do you know why Roman won't answer my friend request?† â€Å"No clue,† I said. â€Å"I've barely spoken to him in days.† â€Å"When I talked to him earlier, he said he had to work tonight,† Peter explained, â€Å"but that we should go ahead and draw for him.† â€Å"Draw?† I asked uneasily. â€Å"Oh Lord. Tell me it's not Pictionary night too.† Peter sighed wearily. â€Å"Draw for Secret Santas. Do you even read the e-mails I send?† â€Å"Secret Santas? Seems like we just did that,† I said. â€Å"Yeah, a year ago,† said Peter. â€Å"Just like we do every Christmas.† I glanced over at Carter who was quietly drinking his wine. â€Å"Did you lose my hat? You look like you could use one.† The angel's chin-length, blond hair was even more unkempt than usual. â€Å"Tell us what you really think, Georgina,† he replied. He ran a hand over his hair, but it somehow only made things worse. â€Å"I'm saving it for a special occasion.† â€Å"If I get your name again, I'll buy you two hats so you don't have to ration yourself.† â€Å"I wouldn't want you to go to the trouble.† â€Å"No trouble at all. I get a discount at the mall.† Jerome sighed and set down his fork. â€Å"Are you still doing that, Georgie? Don't I suffer enough without having to endure the humiliation of a succubus who moonlights as a Christmas elf?† â€Å"You always said I should quit the bookstore and find something else to do,† I reminded him. â€Å"Yes, but that was because I thought you'd go on to do something respectable. Like become a stripper or the mayor's mistress.† â€Å"This is just temporary.† I handed Carter the elegant crystal wineglass that had been sitting by my plate. He filled it with wine from the box and gave it back. Peter groaned and muttered something about despoiling Tiffany's. â€Å"Georgina doesn't need material things anymore,† teased Cody. â€Å"She's paid in love now.† Jerome fixed the young vampire with a cold stare. â€Å"Do not ever say anything that saccharine again.† â€Å"You're one to talk,† I said to Cody, unable to hide my smile. â€Å"I'm surprised you could drag yourself away from Gabrielle tonight.† His face immediately grew dreamy at the mention of his ladylove. â€Å"That makes two of us,† observed Peter. He shook his head bitterly. â€Å"You guys and your perfect love lives.† â€Å"Hardly perfect,† I said at the same time Cody said, â€Å"It is perfect.† All eyes fell on me. Hugh even looked up from his phone. â€Å"Trouble in paradise?† â€Å"Why do you always assume that? And no, of course not,† I scoffed, hating myself for the slip. â€Å"Things are fantastic with Seth.† And they were. Just speaking his name sent a flood of joy through me. Seth. Seth was what made everything worthwhile. My relationship with him was what had caused the rift between me and my former co-workers at the bookstore. They saw me as the reason for his breakup with Doug's sister. Which, I suppose, I was. But no matter how much I'd loved that job, giving it up was a small price to pay to be with Seth. I could endure being an elf. I could endure the quotas he and I put on our sex life, to ensure my succubus powers didn't suck him dry. With him, I could handle anything. Even a future of damnation. There were just a couple of teeny-tiny things about my relationship with Seth that gave me pause. One had been eating at me for a while, one I kept trying to ignore. But now, suddenly, with my immortal friends watching me, I finally drummed up the courage to address it. â€Å"It's just . . . I don't suppose any of you told Seth my name, did you?† Seeing Peter open his mouth in confusion, I immediately amended, â€Å"My real name.† â€Å"Why would that ever come up?† asked Hugh dismissively, returning to his texting. â€Å"I don't even know your real name,† said Cody. â€Å"Are you saying it's not Georgina?† I regretted the words already. It was a stupid thing for me to worry about, and their reactions were just proving that point. â€Å"Do you not want him to know your name?† asked Hugh. â€Å"No . . . it's fine. I just, well. It's just weird. A month or so ago, when he was half-asleep, he called me by it. Letha,† I added, for Cody's benefit. I managed to say the name without tripping over it. It wasn't a name I welcomed. I'd shed it centuries ago, when I became a succubus, and had been taking assumed names ever since. In banishing that name, I'd banished that former life. I'd wanted to erase it so badly that I'd sold my soul in exchange for everyone I'd known forgetting I existed. That was why the conversation with Seth had totally blindsided me. There was no way he could've known that name. You are the world, Letha . . . he had told me drowsily. He hadn't even remembered saying it, let alone where he'd heard it. Don't know, he'd told me, when I questioned him about it later. Greek myths, I guess. The River Lethe, where the dead go to wash away the memories from their souls . . . to forget the past. . . . â€Å"That's a pretty name,† said Cody. I shrugged noncommittally. â€Å"The point is, I never told it to Seth. But somehow, he knew it. He couldn't remember anything about it, though. Where he heard it.† â€Å"He must have heard it from you,† said Hugh, ever practical. â€Å"I never told him. I'd remember if I had.† â€Å"Well, with all the other immortals traipsing through here, I'm sure it came up from one of them. He probably overheard it.† Peter frowned. â€Å"Don't you have an award with your name on it? Maybe he saw that.† â€Å"I don't really leave my ‘Best Succubus' award lying around,† I pointed out. â€Å"Well, you should,† said Hugh. I eyed Carter carefully. â€Å"You're being awfully quiet.† He paused in drinking from the wine box. â€Å"I'm busy.† â€Å"Did you tell Seth my name? You've called me it before.† Carter, despite being an angel, seemed to have a genuine affection for us damned souls. And like an elementary school boy, he often thought the best way of showing that affection was by picking on us. Calling me Letha – when he knew I hated it – and other pet names was one such tactic he used. Carter shook his head. â€Å"Sorry to disappoint you, Daughter of Lilith, but I never told him. You know me: model of discretion.† There was a slurping sound as he neared the wine's end. â€Å"Then how did Seth find out?† I demanded. â€Å"How'd he know the name? Someone must have told him.† Jerome sighed loudly. â€Å"Georgie, this conversation is even more ridiculous than the one about your job. You already got your answer: either you or someone else slipped up and doesn't remember. Why does everything have to be so dramatic for you? Are you just looking for something to be unhappy about?† He had a point. And honestly, I didn't know why this had bugged me so much for so long. Everyone was right. There was no mystery here, nothing earth-shattering. Seth had overheard my name somewhere, end of story. There was no reason for me to overreact or assume the worst – only a tiny, nagging voice in my head that refused to forget about that night. â€Å"It's just weird,† I said lamely. Jerome rolled his eyes. â€Å"If you want something to worry about, then I'll give you something.† All thoughts of Seth and names flew out of my head. Everyone at the table (except Carter, who was still slurping) froze and stared at Jerome. When my boss said he had something for you to worry about, there was a strong possibility it meant something fiery and terrifying. Hugh looked startled by this proclamation too, which was a bad sign. He usually knew about hellish mandates before Jerome did. â€Å"What's going on?† I asked. â€Å"I had a drink with Nanette the other night,† he growled. Nanette was Portland's archdemoness. â€Å"Bad enough she still won't let me forget the summoning. She was also going off on some bullshit about how her people were more competent than mine.† I glanced briefly at my friends. We weren't exactly model employees of Hell, so there was a very good chance that Nanette was right. Not that any of us would tell Jerome that. â€Å"So,† he continued, â€Å"when I denied it, she demanded we step up and prove what superior Hellish minions we are.† â€Å"How?† asked Hugh, looking mildly interested. â€Å"With a soul pledge drive?† â€Å"Don't be ridiculous,† said Jerome. â€Å"Then with what?† I asked. Jerome gave us a tight-lipped smile. â€Å"With bowling.†

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